An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of pea-based diet fed to growing and finishing pigs on performance, carcass and meat quality. Thirty pigs (Slovak White Meaty or crossbred Slovak White Meaty × Pietrain) were tested for the malignant hyperthermia (MH) syndrome using a DNA based test. Pigs were allotted to control and experimental groups (of 10 pigs each, equal for normal -NN and heterozygotes -Nn and equal for barrows and gilts) with 2 pigs per pen. Pigs receiving the control treatment were fed soybean meal diets. In all diets fed to experimental pigs the soybean meal was replaced by 30% of raw or extruded pea-based meal balanced on an isonitrogenous and isoenergetic level. Pig performance was monitored for the entire experimental period. At the conclusion of the experiment, carcass and meat quality were measured. The results did not show any effects of dietary treatments on average daily gain (P > 0.05). The evaluation of carcass composition showed no significant differences (P > 0.05) in backfat and lean percentage values between the control and experimental pigs. Chemical composition (total water, protein, intramuscular fat) and fatty acid profile did not differ among treatments (P > 0.05). The differences in the omega-6/omega-3 ratio were significant (P > 0.05) between animals fed the control ration with soybean meal and animals receiving the pea ration. No differences were observed between control and experimental pigs in pH (45 min and 24 h), colour (24 h), drip loss (24 h) and tenderness (5 day) measured with Warner-Bratzler instrument (P > 0.05). In conclusion, peas may replace the soybean meal in diets fed to growing and finishing pigs without negative influence on pig performance, carcass composition and meat quality.
Several methods were used for the evaluation of feed protein for rumen degradability and intestinal digestibility of rumen undegraded protein (RUP). The aim of this work was to explore the possibility of using the Cornell method of predicting the fraction RUP. An in situ method was adopted for estimation of degradability parameters (a, b, c) and effective degradable crude protein (EDCP), and five nitrogen fractions (A, B 1 , B 2 , B 3 , and C) were determined according to the Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System (CNCPS). Fifty-one feedstuffs -13 cereals grains, 5 legume seeds, 3 oilseeds, 11 oilseed by-products, 4 distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS), and 15 silages (maize, lucerne, grass, and grass-clover) -were used in this work. The examined feedstuffs varied widely in nutrient composition. Fraction B 1 (soluble true protein) in forages was small (2.5-5.7% of total N), but it varied to a large extent in concentrates (DDGS 0.9-1.2, legumes 46.5-63.7, oilseeds meal 17.1-51.8% of total N). Fraction B 2 represented a large proportion of the total protein in oil seed meals (44.3-82.6% of total N) and in DDGS (55.8-77.8% of total N), too. Fraction B 3 was relatively small (less than 10% of total N) in all feedstuffs and declined with increasing acid detergent insoluble nitrogen (ADIN) concentration. The concentration of ADIN fraction in feeds affected ruminal degradability. Lucerne silage, with a high content of ADIN (30.9% of total N), had a low effective crude protein (CP) degradability (57%). Correlation between EDCP and fraction A was r = 0.76. A weaker correlation (r = 0.67) was found between in situ parameter "b" and fractions B 2 and B 3 (r = 0.59), respectively. The results show that much more samples of all feed types should be analyzed to obtain results allowing a more exact prediction of CP degradability and RUP.
In this study, different types of cereal grains (maize, wheat, triticale), and their respective distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS: DDGSM, DDGSW, DDGST) were used. Their effects on parameters expressing nutritional value for ruminants were assessed. The chemical composition of the DDGS was significantly differed (P<0.01), similarly as that of the cereal grains. The DDGS from maize was the highest in fat ( kg -1 DM). The DDGS were three times higher in PDIN values than the original grains (P<0.01). DDGSM had lower in situ effective CP degradability (46.5%) than DDGSW (58.5%) and DDGST (76.8%), but the highest and most stable intestinal digestibility (ID) of rumen undegraded CP (94.3%). The most variable intestinal digestibility was found in DDGSW samples (79.6%-92.2%). The acid detergent insoluble CP (ADICP) content (% from total CP) was significantly higher in wheat and triticale DDGS than in the original grains. There were significant plant effects on fat, ME, NEV, ADICP (P<0.01), ADF, and NADIP (P<0.05). We can conclude that all types of DDGS are a good source of CP and energy for ruminants.
<p>The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of dietary zinc from inorganic and organic sources on the concentration of Zn, Cu, Mn and Fe in plasma, tissues and faeces of rabbits. Simultaneously, the activities of total superoxide dismutase (SOD), specific Cu/Zn SOD, glutathione peroxidase (GPx), lipid peroxidation and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in liver and kidney were also determined. Ninety-six 49-day-old broiler rabbits were allocated to 4 dietary treatments, each replicated 6 times with 4 animals per replicate. For the subsequent 6 wk, the rabbits were fed an identical basal diet (BD) supplemented with an equivalent dose of Zn (100 mg/kg) from different sources. Group 1 (control) received the unsupplemented BD, while the BD for groups 2, 3 and 4 was supplemented with Zn from Zn sulphate, Zn chelate of glycine hydrate (Zn-Gly) and Zn chelate of protein hydrolysate (Zn-Pro), respectively. The intake of dietary Zn sulphate resulted in an increase in Zn plasma concentration (1.85 vs. 1.48 mg/L; <em>P</em><0.05) compared to the control group. Feeding the diets enriched with Zn increased the deposition of Zn in the liver (<em>P</em><0.05), irrespective of the Zn source. The addition of Zn-Pro resulted in significantly higher Cu uptake in liver (<em>P</em><0.05) than in the control and Zn sulphate group (56.0 vs. 35.0 and 36.7 mg/kg dry matter (DM), respectively). Neither Mn nor Fe concentration in plasma and tissues were affected by dietary Zn supplementation, with the exception of Fe deposition in muscle, which was significantly decreased (<em>P</em><0.05) in rabbits supplemented with inorganic Zn sulphate compared to control and Zn-Gly group (9.8 vs. 13.3 and 12.2 mg/kg DM, respectively). Intake of organic Zn-Gly significantly increased the activities of total SOD (43.9 vs. 35.9 U/mg protein; <em>P</em><0.05) and Cu/Zn SOD (31.1 vs. 23.8 U/mg protein; <em>P</em><0.01) as well as TAC (37.8 vs. 31.2 μmol/g protein; <em>P</em><0.05) in the kidney when compared to that of the control group. The presented results did not indicate any differences between dietary Zn sources in Zn deposition and measured antioxidant indices in rabbit tissues. Higher dietary Zn intake did not cause any interactions with respect to Mn, Cu and Fe deposition in liver and kidney tissues, but did increase the faecal mineral concentrations. Dietary organic Zn-Gly improved the antioxidant status in rabbit kidney.</p>
The aims of our experiments were (1) to study age-dependent changes in bovine plasma concentrations of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-1), thyroid hormones (T3, T4), some metabolites (glucose, triglycerides, ketone bodies), calcium, phosphorus and sodium, and (2) to determine whether plasma concentrations of these substances are associated with individual and sex-dependent differences in the growth rates of calves. Eight male and 8 female calves were weighed at the beginning and at the end of the experiment and daily gain and feed consumption (dry matter, crude protein, PDIN and NEL per kg daily gain) were determined. Plasma concentrations of IGF-I, T3, T4, glucose, triglycerides, ketone bodies, calcium, phosphorus and sodium were measured in calves at 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 weeks of age. There were significant age-dependent increases in the plasma concentrations of IGF-I and glucose. Males had a significantly higher daily gain and lower feed consumption than females, but no sex-dependent differences in plasma constituents were detected. In both sexes, daily gain was positively correlated with plasma IGF-I (coefficients of correlation r=0.630 in females and r=0.614 in males) and glucose (r=0.496 and 0.427, respectively) concentrations, but not with other substances. Our observations show that there are age-dependent changes in IGF-I and glucose concentrations (but not in those of other substances), and that IGF-I and glucose, in contrast with other substances, may be indicators or regulators of individual growth rates.
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