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This phase III trial included patients with ultra-low rectal adenocarcinoma that initially required abdominoperineal resection. The surgical decision was based on clinical tumour status after preoperative treatment. The overall sphincter-saving resection rate was 85 per cent, with 72 per cent rate of intersphincteric resection. Long-term results showed that changing the initial abdominoperineal resection indication into a sphincter-saving resection according to tumoral response is oncologically safe. Saving the sphincter

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Background and Objectives The aims of this multi‐institutional study were to assess the feasibility of iterative cytoreductive surgery (iCRS)/hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy, iCRS in colorectal peritoneal carcinomatosis (CRPC), evaluate survival, recurrence, morbidity and mortality outcomes, and identify prognostic factors for overall survival. Methods Patients with CRPC that underwent an iCRS, with or without intraperitoneal chemotherapy, from June 1993 to July 2016 at 13 institutions were retrospectively analyzed from prospectively maintained databases. Results The study comprised of 231 patients, including 126 females (54.5%) with a mean age at iCRS of 51.3 years. The iterative high‐grade (3/4) morbidity and mortality rates were 23.4% and 1.7%, respectively. The median recurrence‐free survival was 15.0 and 10.1 months after initial and iCRS, respectively. The median and 5‐year survivals were 49.1 months and 43% and 26.4 months and 26% from the initial and iCRS, respectively. Independent negative predictors of survival from the initial CRS included peritoneal carcinomatosis index (PCI) > 20 ( P = 0.02) and lymph node positivity ( P = 0.04), and from iCRS, PCI > 10 ( P = 0.03 for PCI 11‐20; P < 0.001 for PCI > 20), high‐grade complications ( P = 0.012), and incomplete cytoreduction ( P < 0.001). Conclusion iCRS can provide long‐term survival benefits to highly selected colorectal peritoneal carcinomatosis patients with comparable mortality and morbidity rates to the initial CRS procedure. Careful patient selection is necessary to improve overall outcomes.