The addition of a small concentration of suitably chosen noble gas to a reactive plasma is shown to permit the determination of the functional dependence of reactive particle density on plasma parameters. Examples illustrating the simplicity of this method are presented using F atomic emission from plasma-etching discharges and a comparison is made to available data in the literature.

We present the experimentally generated electron bunch from laser-wakefield acceleration (LWFA) with a charge of 620 pC and a maximum energy up to 0.6 GeV by irradiating 80 TW laser pulses at a 3 mm Helium gas jet. The charge of injected electrons is much larger than the normal scaling laws of LWFA in bubble regime. We also got a quasi-monoenergetic electron beam with energy peaked at 249 MeV and a charge of 68 pC with the similar laser conditions but lower plasma density. As confirmed by 2D particle-in-cell simulations, the boosted bunch charge is due to the continuous injection caused by the self-steepening and self-compression of a laser pulse. During the nonlinear evolution of the laser pulse, the bubble structure broadens and stretches, leading to a longer dephasing length and larger beam charge.

Serum levels of IFN-β and CXCL10 may be useful biomarkers for assessing cutaneous disease activity in patients with DM and CADM. In addition, serum IL-6, IL-10, IL-18 and IFN-β were highly correlated with the occurrence of A/SIP. These cytokines may play a role in the pathogenesis of DM and CADM.

No abstract