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Patients with drug-induced hepatocellular jaundice have 11.7% chance of progressing to death or transplantation. Amoxicillin-clavulanate stands out as the most common drug related to DILI.

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Increased age and female sex are suggested risk factors for drug-induced hepatotoxicity (DILI). We studied the influence of these variables on the propensity to develop DILI, as well as its clinical expression and outcome. All cases of DILI submitted to the Spanish Registry between April 1994 and August 2007 were analyzed. Six hundred three DILI cases (310 men; mean age, 54 years) showed a similar sex distribution, reaching two peaks in the 40-to 49-year-old and 60-to 69-year-old age groups. No cases were recorded in the 20-to 29-year-old group. Patients aged >60 years accounted for 46% of the cases, with a male predominance (158 males, 118 females; P ‫؍‬ 0.009), as opposed to younger patients. Older age was independently associated with cholestatic type of injury (odds ratio for an age interval for 1 year: 1.024 [95% confidence interval: 1.010-1.038]; male/female ratio, 1:2; P ‫؍‬ 0.001) and younger age with hepatocellular damage (odds ratio: 0.983 [95% confidence interval: 0.972-0.994]; female/male ratio, 1:2; P ‫؍‬ 0.002). In the mixed group, no age effect was evident. Outcome with fulminant liver failure/liver transplantation was more frequently encountered in women (P < 0.01). Conclusion: Neither older age nor female sex are predisposing factors to overall DILI. However, older age is a determinant for cholestatic damage with a male predominance, whereas younger age is associated with cytolytic damage and a female overrepresentation. Women distinctly exhibit the worst outcome. Knowledge of these phenotypic associations could guide differential diagnosis and attribution of causality in

Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) patients who do not resolve their liver damage during the first year should be considered chronic DILI patients. Risk factors for DILI chronicity are older age, dyslipidemia and severity of the acute episode. Chronic DILI is not a very common condition; normally featuring mild liver profile abnormalities and not being an important clinical problem, with the exception of a small number of cases of early onset cirrhosis.