By illustrating how different elements of the health care enterprise may respond to these developments, diverse opportunities for cost reduction, carbon reduction and product (goods and services) development are identified. These opportunities involve a variety of waste reduction and energy and materials conservation measures as well as new ways of collaborating with other enterprises going through similar transformations. The overall objective is to show that the carbon-constrained health care enterprise and the low-carbon health economy in which it sits may broaden its role in the coming decades to include a degree of responsibility for the health of the environment. This broader role is likely to supplement and entangle with the traditional role of the health economy, currently focused narrowly on human health, and lead to extensive organisational transformation, and infrastructure and product developments.
Local empirical pseudopotentials with spin-orbit coupling have been used to calculate transition energies and transition probabilities for the Si/Ge (4:4) superlattice grown on (001) Si& "Ge" (0(x & 1) buffer layers. The characters of superlattice states close to the band edges are shown in terms of their real-space charge densities and their origin in wave-vector space. Influences of heterojunction-interface bond length and band offset are examined and the individual contributions of compositional modulation and atomic relaxation to the enhancement of matrix elements for cross-gap quasidirect transitions are established. A strain-induced reversal of~mJ~= z and mJ~= 2' valence states is demonstrated in terms of the effects on subband energy levels and polarization-dependence of cross-gap transition probabilities. In the case of the Si/Ge (4:4) superlattice grown on Si, a direct comparison is made between theoretical results and recent electroreflectance data of Pearsall et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 58, 729 (1987)]. Comparison is also made between the results of the present empirical-pseudopotential calculations and results of recent local-density, quasiparticle, tight-binding, and effective-masstype calculations. Predictions are made which can be used to discriminate between different transition assignments which have been given to the same structure in the electroreflectance spectra for the (4:4) superlattice grown on (001) Si.
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