The use of silver in various spheres of life and production leads to an increase in environmental pollution, including soil. At the same time, the environmental consequences of silver pollution of soils have been studied to a much lesser extent than those of other heavy metals. The aim of this study is to estimate silver ecotoxicity using the soil state biological indicators. We studied soils that are significantly different in resistance to heavy metal pollution: ordinary chernozem (Haplic Chernozems, Loamic), sierosands (Haplic Arenosols, Eutric), and brown forest acidic soil (Haplic Cambisols, Eutric). Contamination was simulated in the laboratory. Silver was introduced into the soil in the form of nitrate in doses of 1, 10, and 100 mg/kg. Changes in biological parameters were assessed 10, 30, and 90 days after contamination. Silver pollution of soils in most cases leads to deterioration of their biological properties: the total number of bacteria, the abundance of bacteria of the genus Azotobacter, the activity of enzymes (catalase and dehydrogenases), and the phytotoxicity indicators decrease. The degree of reduction in biological properties depends on the silver concentration in the soil and the period from the contamination moment. In most cases, there is a direct relationship between the silver concentration and the degree of deterioration of the studied soil properties. The silver toxic effect was most pronounced on the 30th day after contamination. In terms of their resistance to silver pollution, the studied soils are in the following order: ordinary chernozem > sierosands ≥ brown forest soil. The light granulometric composition of sierosands and the acidic reaction of the environment of brown forest soils, as well as the low content of organic matter, contribute to high mobility and, consequently, high ecotoxicity of silver in these soils. The regional maximum permissible concentration (rMPC) of silver in ordinary chernozem (Haplic Chernozems, Loamic) is 4.4 mg/kg, in sierosands (Haplic Arenosols, Eutric) 0.9 mg/kg, and in brown forest soils (Haplic Cambisols, Eutric) 0.8 mg/kg.
1. Pittol M., Tomacheski D., Simões D. N., Ribeiro V. F. and Campomanes Santana R. M., Macroscopic effects of silver nanoparticles and titanium dioxide on edible plant growth, Environmental Nanotechnology, Monitoring & Management, 8, 127 (2017). 2. Eivazi F., Afrasiabi Z. and Jose E., Pedosphere Effects of Silver Nanoparticles on the Activities of Soil Enzymes Involved in Carbon and Nutrient Cycling, Pedosphere, 28, 2, 209 (2018). 3. Beddow J., Stolpe B., Cole P., Lead J. R., Sapp M., Lyons B. P., Colbeck I. and Whitby C., Effects of engineered silver nanoparticles on the growth and activity of ecologically important microbes, Environmental Microbiology Reports, 6 (5), 448 (2014). 4. Samarajeewa A. D., Velicogna J. R., Princz J. I., Subasinghe R. M., Scroggins R. P. and Beaudette L. A., Effect of silver nano-particles on soil microbial growth, activity and community diversity in a sandy loam soil, Environmental Pollution, 220, 504 (2017). 5. Singh H., Dua J., Singh P. and Yi T. H., Extracellular synthesis of silver nanoparticles by Pseudomonas sp. THG-LS1.4 and their antimicrobial application. Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis, 8, 4, 258 (2018). 6. Shin Y. J., Kwak J. I and An Y. J. Evidence for the inhibitory effects of silver nanoparticles on the activities of soil exoenzymes, Chemosphere, 88(4), 524 (2012). 7. Rahmatpour S., Shirvani M., Mosaddeghi M. R., Farshid N. and Bazarganipour M., Dose–response effects of silver nanoparticles and silver nitrate on microbial and enzyme activities in calcareous soils, Geoderma, 285, 313 (2017). 8. Kabata-Pendias A., Trace Elements in Soils and Plants, 548 p. (4th Edition. Boca Raton, FL: CrcPress, 2010). 9. Kolesnikov S. I., Kazeev K. Sh. and Akimenko Yu. V., Development of regional standards for pollutants in the soil using biological parameters, Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 191, 544 (2019). 10. Kolesnikov S. I., Evreinova A. V., Kazeev K. Sh., and Val’kov V. F. Changes in the Ecological and Biological Properties of Ordinary Chernozems Polluted by Heavy Metals of the Second Hazard Class (Mo, Co, Cr, and Ni), Eurasian Soil Science, 42, 8, 936 (2009). 11. Minnikova T. V., Sushkova S. N., Mandzhieva S. S., Minkina T. M. and Kolesnikov S. I., Evaluation of the effect of benz (a) pyrene on the biological activity of chernozem in the Rostov Region, Bulletin of the Tomsk Polytechnic University. Geo-Resource Engineering, 330, 12, 91 (2019). 12. Kolesnikov S. I., Kazeev K. Sh., Val’kov V. F. and Ponomareva S. V., Ranking of Chemical Elements According to Their Ecological Hazard for Soil, Russian Agricultural Sciences, 36, 1, 32 (2010). 13. Alekseenko V. A. Chemical elements in geochemical systems. Clarks of soil of residential landscapes: monograph. Rostov-na-Donu, 380 p. (Publishing house of the Southern Federal University, 2013), 14. Kolesnikov S. I., Kazeev K. Sh. and Val’kov V. F., Effects of Heavy Metal Pollution on the Ecological and Biological Characteristics of Common Chernozem. Russian Journal of Ecology, 31, 3, 174 (2000). 15. Kazeev K. Sh., Kolesnikov S. I., Akimenko Yu. V. and Dadenko E. V., Metody biodiagnostiki nazemnyh ekosistem, Rostov-na-Donu, 356 p. (Izdatel'stvo YuFu, 2016). 16. Galstyan A. Sh. Unification of methods for studying the activity of soil enzymes. Soil Science, 2, 107 (1978).
Aim. To assess the resistance of soils in the south of Russia to silver pollution using biological indicators.Methods. The contamination of soils in southern Russia (ordinary chernozem, grey sandy and brown forest soils) was simulated with silver under laboratory conditions. Soils were contaminated with water‐soluble silver nitrate in order to reveal the maximum ecotoxicity of silver. Soil stability was assessed according to the most sensitive and informative biological parameters in dynamics of 10, 30 and 90 days after pollution. Results. Silver contamination inhibits the activity of oxidoreductases (catalase and dehydrogenases), reduces the total number of bacteria and the growth and development of radish. For all soils, a direct relationship was noted between silver concentration and the degree of deterioration of soil properties. The toxic effect of silver was most pronounced on the 30th day after contamination. According to their resistance to silver pollution, the soils investigated form the following sequence: ordinary chernozem> grey sandy soil ≥ brown forest soil. Conclusion. The light granulometric composition of grey sandy soils and the acidic reaction of the environment of brown forest soils, as well as the low organic matter content, contribute to the high mobility and high ecotoxicity of silver in these soils. Regional maximum permissible concentrations (MPCs) of silver content in ordinary chernozems, grey sandy and brown forest soils have been determined as ‐ 4.4, 0.9 and 0.8 mg/kg, respectively.
The results of the study of the ecotoxicity of bismuth on ordinary chernozem, brown forest soils and sierosands along the length of radish roots are presented. Small doses of 1.5-3 mg/kg of bismuth stimulated the growth of radish roots on ordinary chernozem. The maximum toxicity of bismuth carbonate and nitrate at a dose of 300 mg / kg was established on sierosands (reduction in the length of radish roots by 43% of the control). Bismuth carbonate 300 mg/kg showed the greatest toxicity when applied to ordinary chernozem and brown forest soil and reduced the length of radish roots by 31 and 44% of control, respectively. The series of toxicity ((on radish’s root length) of chemical forms of bismuth for soils forms the following sequence: bismuth carbonate (84) ≥ bismuth nitrate (86) > bismuth oxide (90). The toxic effect of bismuth depends on the form and concentration of bismuth in the soil,the particle-size composition, the reaction of the soil environment and the content of organic matter in the soil.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.