Financial DisclosureDaniel Hartung has received money paid to his institution (grant funding) from NIH, CDC, AHRQ, National MS Society, and AbbVie Pharmaceuticals. He has a consulting contract with MedSavvy. Maria Rodriguez received money paid to her institution from the Laura and John Arnold Foundation and World Health Organization. She was on a medical advisory board for Cooper Surgical and has been a contraceptive implant trainer for Merck. She was also a WRHR Scholar with NICHD funding in the past (which didn't support this work).

Our results support a modest safety advantage with ER oxycodone compared with ER morphine. Among subjects with noncancer pain, fentanyl and methadone were associated with an increased risk of an adverse event compared with ER morphine. Additional studies are needed to confirm our findings and further clarify risks associated with different LAOs.

Oregon's prior authorization policy was effective at reducing high dosage opioid prescriptions. While multiple pharmacy use also declined, no changes in opioid overdose were observed.