RESUMO: Linfonodo axilar como sentinela de neoplasia mamária em cadelas. O estudo dos tumores de mama em cadelas é de grande importância devido à alta frequência com que surgem na clínica de pequenos animais. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a importância do linfonodo axilar como sentinela em neoplasias mamárias de cadelas. Foram avaliadas 49 fêmeas com neoplasia mamária, submetidas à mastectomia unilateral total, utilizando o corante azul patente para a identificação do linfonodo axilar, o qual foi submetido à análise histopatológica com a coloração de hematoxilina-eosina e imuno-histoquímica (IHQ) com anticorpo citoqueratina (AE1/AE3) para procura de metástase. Oito cadelas apresentaram metástases em linfonodo axilar, sendo sete detectadas por histopatologia e por IHQ e uma somente pela IHQ (micrometástase). Uma paciente que apresentava tumor em mamas abdominal caudal e inguinal tinha metástase no linfonodo axilar e inguinal. Assim, observa-se que o tumor pode causar alteração na drenagem linfática provocando metástase em linfonodos que normalmente não drenam determinadas mamas, por isso a retirada do linfonodo axilar deve ser incluída como técnica de rotina para permitir melhor estadiamento das neoplasias mamárias de cadelas.
RESUMO.-[Anormalidades hematológicas, bioquímicas e hemostáticas de origem paraneoplásica em fêmeas caninas com neoplasia mamária.] Alterações laboratoriais de origem paraneoplásica são identificadas em diversos tipos de câncer de cães e gatos. Na medicina veteriná-ria, existem poucos estudos que correlacionam os achados laboratoriais anormais com o tipo e estadiamento tumorais, principalmente em cadelas com neoplasia mamária. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar as alterações hematológi-cas, bioquímicas e hemostáticas em cadelas com neoplasia mamária e relacioná-las com o estadiamento tumoral. Foram coletadas amostras de sangue de 24 fêmeas caninas, e os parâmetros hematológicos, bioquímicos e hemostáticos obtidos foram relacionados com o estadiamento tumoral, realizado através do exame físico, exames de imagem e avaliação histopatológica após remoção cirúrgica. Os grupos foram organizados de acordo com o estadiamento tumoral em: Grupo 1 (estádios I e II), grupo 2 (estádio III) e grupo 3 (estádios IV e V). Observou-se anemia, leucocitose neutrofílica, monocitose, eosinofilia, trombocitose, hipoalbuminemia, hipocalcemia, hipoglicemia e diminuição de ureia sanguínea. As variáveis CHCM, PPT e RDW foram relacionadas com o estadiamento tumoral, porém sem relevância clínica. Nos testes de coagulação, o TT e o fibrinogênio apresentaram diferença significativa entre os grupos, sendo associado com estadiamento tumoral. Os resultados sugerem in- Paraneoplastic laboratory abnormalities are identified in several types of cancers in dogs and cats. In veterinary medicine, particularly in mammary cancer, there are few studies that correlate abnormal laboratory findings with tumor type and staging. The aim of this study was to evaluate hematological, biochemical, and hemostatic abnormalities and correlate them with mammary tumor staging in female dogs with mammary cancer. Blood samples from 24 female dogs were evaluated, and the hematological, biochemical, and hemostatic parameters were correlated with tumor staging obtained by physical examination, imaging exams, and histopathological surgical biopsies. The groups were organized according to tumor staging: group 1 (stages I and II), group 2 (stage III), and group 3 (stages IV and V). Anemia, neutrophilic leukocytosis, monocytosis, eosinophilia, thrombocytosis, hypoalbuminemia, hypocalcemia, hypoglycemia, and low blood urea were observed. The variables MCHC, TPP, and RDW were correlated with tumor staging with no clinical relevance. Thrombin time and fibrinogen were significant between the groups in the coagulation test, being associated with tumor staging. The findings suggest influence of the proinflammatory cytokines released during tumor growth.INDEX TERMS: Hyperfibrinogenemia, mammary tumor staging, paraneoplastic syndromes, laboratory parameters.
Background: Vascular access port (VAP) was developed for the administration of chemotherapeutic agents, minimizing local drug reactions and complications associated with migration of peripheral venous catheter (PVC) in humans. The device is widely used in human oncology and has gained importance in veterinary oncology, especially in long treatment regimens, as in the case of canine lymphoma. VAP favors therapy and the animals’ quality of life. The aim of this study was to describe the use of VAP in dogs, comparing to PVC access, during canine lymphoma chemotherapeutic treatment. Materials, Methods & Results: Eleven dogs with multicentric lymphoma which required chemotherapy were selected for the study. The dogs were randomly allocated to two groups with five and six animals, and each group received the chemotherapy protocol through the PVC (n= 5) or VAP (n= 6). For the sake of standardization, assessments were made whenever the dogs received vincristine sulfate, despite the use of the infusion system in all sessions of the Madison-Wisconsin protocol. A VAP was implanted into the right external jugular vein of six dogs under inhalational anesthesia, using the Seldinger technique. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) levels and handling time during chemotherapy sessions were compared in both groups in three time periods during the procedures: 10 min after arrival to each chemotherapy (P1); immediately after placement of the PVC or puncture of the VAP reservoir (P2); and at the end of chemotherapy (P3). The arithmetic mean of five consecutive assessments was used in each time period. In the chemotherapy sessions, the mean of SBP variation decreased statistically significant in the VAP group compared to PVC group. SBP decreased from P1 to P2 and from P1 to P3 in all sessions (S1, S2, and S3) in the VAP group, and increased in the PVC group. The handling time of VAP group was 110.6 ± 8.4 s, compared to 219.2 ± 24.7 s (mean ± standard error) in the PVC group, showing statistically significant difference (P < 0.001). VAP surgical implantation time averaged 37 min, decreasing gradually from the first (55 min) to the last patient (21 min).Discussion: SBP levels suggest that the VAP group was calmer from the beginning to the end of the sessions, showed lower SBP levels, and required shorter handling time than did the PVC group. Blood pressure is one of the most objective ways to assess welfare or stress in dogs. When dog feels threatened or scared, its body automatically enters a state of emergency and, among several changes, blood pressure increases. VAP surgical implantation in dogs have easy learning, as previously described, proven by implantation time progressive reduction. The Seldinger technique is the method of choice for catheter implantation in humans. Dissection of the jugular vein is an alternative, however, the technique with a single incision and venipuncture is less invasive than its modifications. The jugular vein was used because is the site of choice for central accesses in veterinary practice, with a shorter path to the right atrium and smaller rates of catheter misplacement, reducing the risk of pneumothorax, venous thrombosis, and pinch-off syndrome. VAP surgical implantation in dogs have easy learning, proven by the implantation time progressive reduction. The study confirmed that VAPpromoted animal welfare, shortened chemotherapy sessions, and caused less discomfort to dogs treated for multicentric lymphoma, as indicated by the reduction in SBP, when compared to the PVC group.
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