We provide a database of the coseismic geological surface effects following the Mw 6.5 Norcia earthquake that hit central Italy on 30 October 2016. This was one of the strongest seismic events to occur in Europe in the past thirty years, causing complex surface ruptures over an area of >400 km2. The database originated from the collaboration of several European teams (Open EMERGEO Working Group; about 130 researchers) coordinated by the Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia. The observations were collected by performing detailed field surveys in the epicentral region in order to describe the geometry and kinematics of surface faulting, and subsequently of landslides and other secondary coseismic effects. The resulting database consists of homogeneous georeferenced records identifying 7323 observation points, each of which contains 18 numeric and string fields of relevant information. This database will impact future earthquake studies focused on modelling of the seismic processes in active extensional settings, updating probabilistic estimates of slip distribution, and assessing the hazard of surface faulting.

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[1] In order to differentiate between boulder avalanche deposits triggered by temperature/climate controlled melting of ice or triggered by ground shaking produced by paleomarsquakes, spatial variation in boulder size populations has been measured from High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE) images along Cerberus Fossae, one of the youngest fracture/graben systems on the Martian surface. The boulders have fallen from less than $500 m high fault-controlled cliffs and rolled and bounced across relatively coarse-grained sediment, forming colluvial fans. The boulders have left trails in the dust in some cases, coming to rest on relatively fine-grained Aeolian sediment. The boulder size distribution varies along the graben contrary to what would be expected if boulder falls had been liberated by temperature/climate controlled melting of ice. Boulder size and boulder trail data peak close to the center of the fault system, decreasing along strike. Furthermore, evidence for relatively recent surface faulting of colluvial slopes along the fault-controlled cliffs is confined to the area with anomalously large boulder/trail size data. We interpret the above as consistent with observations of terrestrial earthquake-triggered boulder avalanches where boulder sizes decrease away from the epicenter and surface faulting. We discuss the implications of possible marsquakes along Cerberus Fossae in terms of active faulting associated with dike emplacement that is subradial to the Elysium Mons volcano.

The main objective of this paper was to introduce the Environmental Seismic Intensity scale (ESI), a new scale\ud developed and tested by an interdisciplinary group of scientists (geologists, geophysicists and seismologists) in the frame of the\ud International Union for Quaternary Research (INQUA) activities, to the widest community of earth scientists and engineers dealing\ud with seismic hazard assessment. This scale defines earthquake intensity by taking into consideration the occurrence, size and areal\ud distribution of earthquake environmental effects (EEE), including surface faulting, tectonic uplift and subsidence, landslides, rock\ud falls, liquefaction, ground collapse and tsunami waves. Indeed, EEEs can significantly improve the evaluation of seismic intensity,\ud which still remains a critical parameter for a realistic seismic hazard assessment, allowing to compare historical and modern\ud earthquakes. Moreover, as shown by recent moderate to large earthquakes, geological effects often cause severe damage’’;\ud therefore, their consideration in the earthquake risk scenario is crucial for all stakeholders, especially urban planners, geotechnical\ud and structural engineers, hazard analysts, civil protection agencies and insurance companies. The paper describes background and\ud construction principles of the scale and presents some case studies in different continents and tectonic settings to illustrate its relevant\ud benefits. ESI is normally used together with traditional intensity scales, which, unfortunately, tend to saturate in the highest degrees.\ud In this case and in unpopulated areas, ESI offers a unique way for assessing a reliable earthquake intensity. Finally, yet importantly,\ud the ESI scale also provides a very convenient guideline for the survey of EEEs in earthquake-stricken areas, ensuring they are\ud catalogued in a complete and homogeneous manner