A series of novel 4-oxopyrimidine TRPV1 antagonists was evaluated in assays measuring the blockade of capsaicin or acid-induced influx of calcium into CHO cells expressing TRPV1. The investigation of the structure-activity relationships in the heterocyclic A-region revealed the optimum pharmacophoric elements required for activity in this series and resulted in the identification of subnanomolar TRPV1 antagonists. The most potent of these antagonists were thoroughly profiled in pharmacokinetic assays. Optimization of the heterocyclic A-region led to the design and synthesis of 23, a compound that potently blocked multiple modes of TRPV1 activation. Compound 23 was shown to be effective in a rodent "on-target" biochemical challenge model (capsaicin-induced flinch, ED50 = 0.33 mg/kg p.o.) and was antihyperalgesic in a model of inflammatory pain (CFA-induced thermal hyperalgesia, MED = 0.83 mg/kg, p.o.). Based on its in vivo efficacy and pharmacokinetic profile, compound 23 (N-{4-[6-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-pyrimidin-4-yloxy]-benzothiazol-2-yl}-acetamide; AMG 517) was selected for further evaluation in human clinical trials.
Investigations into the structure-activity relationships (SAR) of a series of phthalazine-based inhibitors of p38 are described. These efforts originated from quinazoline 1 and through rational design led to the development of a series of orally bioavailable, potent, and selective inhibitors. Kinase selectivity was achieved by exploiting a collection of interactions with p38alpha including close contact to Ala157, occupation of the hydrophobic gatekeeper pocket, and a residue flip with Gly110. Substitutions on the phthalazine influenced the pharmacokinetic properties, of which compound 16 displayed the most desirable profile. Oral dosing (0.03 mg/kg) of 16 in rats 1 h prior to LPS challenge gave a >50% decrease in TNFalpha production.
The development and optimization of a series of quinolinylpurines as potent and selective PI3Kδ kinase inhibitors with excellent physicochemical properties are described. This medicinal chemistry effort led to the identification of 1 (AMG319), a compound with an IC50 of 16 nM in a human whole blood assay (HWB), excellent selectivity over a large panel of protein kinases, and a high level of in vivo efficacy as measured by two rodent disease models of inflammation.
The p38 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase plays a central role in inflammation. It has been the subject of extensive efforts in both basic research and drug discovery for the treatment of inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, and psoriasis, where aberrant cytokine signaling is the driver of the disease. This article reviews the patent and journal publication activities during 2006-2008 describing novel small molecule p38alpha inhibitors.
A novel route to epoxysorbicillinol as well as dimers of sorbicillin is reported. The synthesis is-in principle-amenable to enantioselectivity. The key step is an oxidative dearomatization to produce a stable and highly malleable p-quinol intermediate, which undergoes a highly diastereoselective epoxidation.
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