This study adopts a multi-disciplinary optimization design method based on an approximation model to improve the comprehensive performance of axial-flow pump impellers and fully consider the interaction and mutual influences of the hydraulic and structural designs. The lightweight research on axial-flow pump impellers takes the blade mass and efficiency of the design condition as the objective functions and the head, efficiency, maximum stress value, and maximum deformation value under small flow condition as constraints. In the optimization process, the head of the design condition remains unchanged or varies in a small range. Results show that the mass of a single blade was reduced from 0.947 to 0.848 kg, reaching a decrease of 10.47%, and the efficiency of the design condition increased from 93.91% to 94.49%, with an increase rate of 0.61%. Accordingly, the optimization effect was evident. In addition, the error between the approximate model results and calculation results of each response was within 0.5%, except for the maximum stress value. This outcome shows that the accuracy of the approximate model was high, and the analysis result is reliable. The results provide guidance for the optimal design of axial-flow pump impellers.
Since 2014, clade 2.3.4.4 has become the dominant epidemic branch of the Asian lineage H5 subtype highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) in southern and eastern China, while the H5N6 subtype is the most prevalent. We have shown earlier that lack of glycosylation at position 158 of the hemagglutinin (HA) glycoprotein due to the T160A mutation is a key determinant of the dual receptor binding property of clade 2.3.4.4 H5NX subtypes. Our present study aims to explore other effects of this site among H5N6 viruses. Here we report that N-linked glycosylation at site 158 facilitated the assembly of virus-like particles and enhanced virus replication in A549, MDCK, and chicken embryonic fibroblast (CEF) cells. Consistently, the HA-glycosylated H5N6 virus induced higher levels of inflammatory factors and resulted in stronger pathogenicity in mice than the virus without glycosylation at site 158. However, H5N6 viruses without glycosylation at site 158 were more resistant to heat and bound host cells better than the HA-glycosylated viruses. H5N6 virus without glycosylation at this site triggered the host immune response mechanism to antagonize the viral infection, making viral pathogenicity milder and favoring virus spread. These findings highlight the importance of glycosylation at site 158 of HA for the pathogenicity of the H5N6 viruses.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.