-Victorin E. Maternal androgen excess reduces placental and fetal weights, increases placental steroidogenesis, and leads to long-term health effects in their female offspring. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 303: E1373-E1385, 2012. First published October 9, 2012 doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00421.2012.-Here, we tested the hypothesis that excess maternal androgen in late pregnancy reduces placental and fetal growth, increases placental steroidogenesis, and adversely affects glucose and lipid metabolism in adult female offspring. Pregnant Wistar rats were randomly assigned to treatment with testosterone (daily injections of 5 mg of free testosterone from gestational days 16 to 19) or vehicle alone. In experiment 1, fetal and placental weights, circulating maternal testosterone, estradiol, and corticosterone levels, and placental protein expression and distribution of estrogen receptor-␣ and -␤, androgen receptor, and 17␤-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 2 were determined. In experiment 2, birth weights, postnatal growth rates, circulating testosterone, estradiol, and corticosterone levels, insulin sensitivity, adipocyte size, lipid profiles, and the presence of nonalcoholic fatty liver were assessed in female adult offspring. Treatment with testosterone reduced placental and fetal weights and increased placental expression of all four proteins. The offspring of testosterone-treated dams were born with intrauterine growth restriction; however, at 6 wk of age there was no difference in body weight between the offspring of testosterone-and control-treated rats. At 10 -11 wk of age, the offspring of the testosterone-treated dams had less fat mass and smaller adipocyte size than those born to control rats and had no difference in insulin sensitivity. Circulating triglyceride levels were higher in the offspring of testosterone-treated dams, and they developed nonalcoholic fatty liver as adults. We demonstrate for the first time that prenatal testosterone exposure alters placental steroidogenesis and leads to dysregulation of lipid metabolism in their adult female offspring. testosterone; prenatal; maternal; placenta; polycystic ovary syndrome; insulin sensitivity; steroidogenesis; estrogen receptor; androgen receptor THE MATERNAL ENVIRONMENT may influence epigenetic processes during placental and fetal development that have long-lasting effects and lead to diseases such as hypertension, obesity, type 2 diabetes, and endocrine and reproductive dysfunction in adult offspring (6,24). Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine disorder in women of reproductive age and is associated with hyperandrogenism, oligo/anovulation (infertility), and polycystic ovaries (5, 26). PCOS is also associated with metabolic disturbances such as hyperinsulinemia and type 2 diabetes and dysfunctional lipid profile, symptoms that are aggravated by obesity (5). Women with PCOS are at a higher risk of delivering prematurely, developing gestational diabetes and preeclampsia (33), and having both small-for-gestational-age (40) and large-for-...

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Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a complex, heterogeneous disorder, which produces in 5-10% reproductive age women. In this study, a nontargeted metabolomics approach based on ultra high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry is used to investigate serum metabolic characteristics of PCOS. PCOS women and healthy control can be clustered into two distinct groups based on multivariate statistical analysis. Significant increase in the levels of unsaturated free fatty acids, fatty acid amides, sulfated steroids, glycated amino acid and the decrease in levels of lysophosphatidylcholines, lysophosphatidylethanolamines, etc., were found. These metabolites showed abnormalities of lipid- and androgen-metabolism, increase of stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) activity and accumulation of advanced glycation end-products in PCOS patients. On the basis of the binary logistic regression model, free fatty acid (FFA) 18:1/FFA 18:0, FFA 20:3, dihydrotestosterone sulfate, glycated phenylalanine, and uridine were combined as a diagnostic biomarker. The area under the curve (AUC) of combinational biomarker was 0.839 in 131 discovery phase samples and 0.874 in 109 validation phase samples. The findings of our study offer a new insight to understand the pathogenesis mechanism, and the discriminating metabolites may provide a prospect for PCOS diagnosis.

Acupuncture is an alternative therapy to induce ovulation in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), but there is no study reporting the live birth rate following ovulation induction by acupuncture or its potential as an adjuvant treatment to clomiphene citrate (CC). We assess the efficacy of acupuncture with or without CC in achieving live births among 1000 PCOS women in Mainland China. This paper reports the methodology of an ongoing multicenter randomized controlled trial. The randomization scheme is coordinated through the central mechanism and stratified by the participating sites. Participants will be randomized into one of the four treatment arms: (A) true acupuncture and CC, (B) control acupuncture and CC, (C) true acupuncture and placebo CC, and (D) control acupuncture and placebo CC. To ensure the quality and integrity of the trial we have developed a unique multinational team of investigators and Data and Safety Monitoring Board. Up to the end of April 2013, 326 subjects were recruited. In conclusion, the success of this trial will allow us to evaluate the additional benefit of acupuncture beyond the first line medicine for fertility treatment in PCOS women in an unbiased manner.