Abstract:1. Pollination is an important ecosystem service as many agricultural crops such as fruit trees are pollinated by insects. Agricultural intensification, however, is one of the main drivers resulting in a serious decline of pollinator populations worldwide. 2. In this study pollinator communities were examined in twelve apple orchards surrounded by either homogeneous or heterogeneous landscape in Hungary. Pollinators (honey bees, wild bees, hoverflies) were surveyed in the flowering period of apple trees. Landscape heterogeneity was characterized in circles of 300, 500 and 1000 m radius around each orchard using Shannon's diversity and Shannon's evenness indices. 3. We found that pollination success of apple was significantly related to the species richness of wild bees, regardless the dominance of honey bees. 4. Diversity of the surrounding landscape matrix had a marginal positive effect on the species richness of hoverflies at 300m, positive effect on the species richness of wild bees at 500m radius circle, while evenness of the surrounding landscape enhanced the abundance of wild bees at 500m radius circle. Flower resources in the groundcover within the orchards supported honey bees. 5. Therefore maintenance of semi-natural habitats within 500m around apple orchards is highly recommended to enhance wild pollinator communities and apple production. Apple is one of the most important insect pollinated crops in the European Union, accounting 51 for 16% of the EU's total economic gains attributed to insect (particularly bee) pollination 52 (Leonhardt et al., 2013). Most apple varieties are cross-pollinated and insect pollination not 53 only affects the quantity of apple production, but can also have marked impacts on the quality 54 of the fruits, influencing size, shape and their market price (Garratt et al., 2014a). The most 55 common insect pollinator of apple is the honey bee (Apis mellifera); however, it is not the bees (Bosch & Blas, 1994). Hoverflies (Syrphidae) have also been observed with pollen loads 63 containing a high proportion of compatible fruit pollen (Kendall, 1973). Agricultural and Forest Entomology 64In the temperate zone, pollinator insects are under threat from a number of limiting 65 factors, such as climate change (Rader et al., 2013), human disturbance (Goulson et al., 66 2008), agricultural intensification (Kearns et al., 1998; Steffan-Dewenter et al., 2005; 67 Fitzpatrick et al., 2006; Memmott et al., 2007), and landscape fragmentation (Aizen & 68 Feisinger, 2003; Diekötter & Crist, 2013), which leads to less effective pollination and 69 reduces agricultural production (Floyd, 1992; Garibaldi et al., 2011a Garibaldi et al., , 2013 (Kremen et al., 2002; Brittain et al., 2013). Maintaining diverse communities, 94Apple is the most important fruit tree in Hungary, as it provides 60 % of the total 95Hungarian fruit production, and currently amounts to 400-600 thousand tons annually on We constructed generalized linear mixed models (GLMM) for each response variab...

Limoniidae is one of the most species-rich Dipteran families, with 661 reported species in Europe. Despite the fact that the European limoniid crane fly fauna has been studied ever since Carolus Linnaeus, it is still poorly known. In this study, we summarise the taxonomic and faunistic studies of European Limoniidae, which described new species and reported first country records, between 2010 and 2020. We also report occurrence data of 244 Limoniidae species which represent the first country records or conformational records from various European countries, as we report ten species from Albania, one from Austria, thirty-seven from Belarus, five from Belgium, two from Bulgaria, two from Estonia, six from Finland, seven from France, fourteen from Greece, sixteen from Hungary, two from Iceland, six from Italy, ten from Latvia, one from Malta, nine from Montenegro, two from The Netherlands, ten from North Macedonia, forty-two from Norway, one from Poland, five from Portugal, twenty from Romania, thirty-eight from Serbia, six from Slovenia, five from Spain and seven species from Sweden for the first time. From the European territory of Russia, we report twenty-eight species from Central European Russia, seventy-two from East European Russia, fifteen from North European Russia, one from Northwest European Russia and seven from North Caucasus for the first time. Confirmatory records and corrigenda are also included.

The Carpathian region is recognized as one of the most important hotspots for aquatic biodiversity in Europe. In the present study, 658-bp long nucleotide sequences from the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (mtCOI) gene were used to study the phylogeographical patterns of the Carpathian endemic dipteran species belonging to the Pedicia staryi group. Molecular data support the taxon status of the allopatric sibling pairs of the morphologically highly similar Pedicia apusenica, Pedicia staryi, and Pedicia lobifera. This pattern is most likely the result of long-term isolation in so-called cumulative microrefugia in the Carpathians, caused by aridification and forest fragmentation in the Miocene-Pliocene period, in combination with the specific habitat requirements of these species (i.e. the wet and humid environments of forested headwater springs). Furthermore, molecular data reveal an important cryptic diversity in the case of the most wide-spread Carpathian P. staryi, as represented by highly divergent, allopatric populations from distant mountainous ranges, already recognized as important centres of endemism for aquatic insects. In addition, an unexpectedly high genetic diversity was identified in populations from the Rodnei Mountains, where the northern and southern slopes harbour highly divergent genetic lineages. This highlights the importance of this mountain range in the preservation of autochthonous diversity in the Carpathians. The present study provides important new evidence regarding the persistence of relic species in spring habitats in the Carpathians, with ancient divergence events that predate Quaternary glaciations and confirm their continuous presence during the Last Glacial Maximum in multiple isolated refugia, leading finally to a high genetic complexity in these particular aquatic ecosystems.

New records are provided for Limoniidae and Pediciidae from Croatia, with new distribution records for species in 12 different genera. Four genera and 18 species are newly recorded for Croatia. Until now, including this data, 87 Limoniidae and eight Pediciidae have been recorded from Croatia. In this paper we confirm presence of Ormosia (Oreophila) bergrothi (Strobl, 1895) and we give the first records of Dicranota (Paradicranota) pavida (Haliday, 1833) and Molophilus (Molophilus) repentinus Starý, 1971 from Balkan Peninsula.

Europe to Anatolia, it is a poorly known species. Specimens have been collected mostly in semi-dry to dry habitats in warm deciduous forests and foreststeppes (Starý 2009) or dry pine forests (Starý and Oosterbroek 2008, Kolcsár et al. 2013). Ujvárosi et al. (2011) reported the species (a single specimen) from wetland (along marshy springs), but most probably the fly was a stray from nearby dryer habitats. We collected the species from dry sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa) forest in Vevcani, and from pine (Pinus sp.) forest in Bratin Dol. This fly is on the Red List of threatened species in the Czech Republic (Starý and Barták 2005). The femora, wing and male genitalia are scarcely illustrated in literature and we present here the first photos of these features. (Fig. 2, Fig. 3, Fig. 4A).