Folsomia manolachei Bagnall, 1939 (Collembola), is a widespread and common European species. However, it may represent a complex of species also associated with the climatically more extreme environments of the karst landforms. Three species of the genus Folsomia, distributed in the Slovak Karst region (Central Europe), namely three different populations of F. manolachei, and one population of F. penicula and F. candida, were analysed using a partial sequence of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI barcoding section). The DNA barcoding suggested the existence of cryptic diversity in populations of the eurytopic species Folsomia manolachei. The cold‐adapted population of ‘F. manolachei’ was abundant in primary soil on stony debris near the permanent floor ice (yearly air temperature ~0°C) in the collapsed karst doline of the Silická ľadnica Ice Cave. It showed a genetic differentiation supported by intra‐ and interspecific distances that ranged from 0.0% to 1.4% and from 19.2% to 24.0%, respectively. Analysis using Taxon DNA showed a large barcoding gap between intra‐ and interspecific COI sequences. Genetic differentiation suggests a scenario of cryptic speciation in the population of ‘F. manolachei’ occupying harsh soils near the floor ice. A survival test showed the different responses of ‘F. manolachei’ and other populations to low temperature. Within a temperature range from −3 to −10°C, the ‘F. manolachei’ population from Silická ľadnica was the most cold‐resistant, showing a lethal dose LD50 of −7.8°C. The two forest populations of F. manolachei had LD50 −6.1°C and −6.0°C, respectively; the most cold‐sensitive F. penicula showed an LD50 of −5.4°C. The survival of the tested springtails significantly decreased with temperature (p < 0.0001). The lethal temperature and the shape of the survival–temperature curves were different in different populations. The impact of population was significant at p < 0.0001, and the interaction between population and temperature at p < 0.039 was significant as well. Crypticity vs. phenotypic plasticity in Folsomia manolachei populations is discussed in terms of DNA barcoding and the cold tolerance data provided by this study.
Mass hibernacula of several tens of thousands of
The refugial history and postglacial re‐colonization routes of Western Carpathian insects are insufficiently understood. Therefore, we investigated the spatio‐genetic structure (phylogeography) of Western Carpathian populations of Erebia euryale (Esper, 1805) (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae) and inferred their colonization routes over the postglacial period. Our results provide new insights into the phylogeography and origin of Erebia euryale in the rarely studied region of the Western Carpathian Mountains. Their phylogeography, including glacial refugia and Pleistocene expansion routes, was reconstructed based on two mitochondrial (COI and CR) and three nuclear markers (CAD, MDH and IDH). Statistical parsimony networks showed the following geographic coherences: (1) populations from Romania and the Bukovské Mountains (Kremenec) grouped together; (2) a Čergov group containing populations only from the Čergov Mountains; (3) a Volovské Mountains group with populations from Kojšovská hoľa and Slovak Paradise grouped together, most likely due to the lack of geographic isolation between the areas; (4) haplotypes characterized from the Volovské Mountains populations were widespread. Comparisons of Western Carpathian E. euryale COI‐haplotypes with haplotypes from the Southern Carpathians and Balkans suggest that the refugial areas were located in south‐eastern Europe in the Balkan region and Southern Carpathians. We also hypothesize possible central European contact zones in Slovakia for E. euryale in the Western Carpathians. Our results indicate that the Western Carpathians could have served as one of the contact zones between Eastern and Western populations, and additionally as an extra refugium in the southern part of the Volovské Mountains for populations also occurring in Czech mountain regions.
The distribution of genetic diversity within Erebia pronoe (Esper, 1780) populations in relation to biogeographic ranges is essential for understanding the processes of evolution, speciation and phylogeography in this species. A certain degree of genetic variability was expected because of the species’ linkage solely to calcareous soils. These ideas were focused on the water ringlet E. pronoe, a European endemic montane butterfly distributed over a narrow area of mountains, with its occurrence dependent on nutrient plants. Therefore, the origin, occurrence, phylogeography and variability are described in defined mountain localities in Europe in the light of glaciation events that occurred during the Quaternary (Pleistocene) period. The species’ phylogeography is based on a combination of two mitochondrial genes (COI, CR) and morphology (wing morphometry). The study comprised samples from the Western Carpathians, Pyrenees, Alps, South-Eastern Carpathians (Romania) and Southern Limestone Alps (Slovenia). Moreover, the species’ remarkable phylogeographic structure was observed, including four morphologic lineages and divergent genetic lineages. These lineages cover the Carpathian Mountains as well as the Western European mountains (Spanish populations) with no apparent gene flow between most regions, even across distances of only hundreds of kilometres.
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