Nelumbo nucifera, also known as sacred lotus, has primarily been used as food throughout the Asian continent, and its medicinal values have been described in Ayurvedic and Traditional Chinese Medicine. The purpose of this study is to systematically characterize the chemical profiling and pharmacological activities of N. nucifera. Herein, we critically reviewed and analysed the phytochemical and pharmacological reports of N. nucifera. Our search for the keyword 'Nelumbo nucifera pharmacology' in all databases reported in Web of Science yielded 373 results excluding reviews and abstracts in document types. Two hundred and forty-three spectrum natural compounds from different parts of N. nucifera belonging to diverse chemical groups, including alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, terpenoids, steroids, fatty acids, proteins, minerals, and vitamins have been reported. In addition, distinct pharmacological activities, mainly against cancer, microbial infection, diabetes, inflammation, atherosclerosis, and obesity, have been associated with crude extracts, fractions, and isolated compounds. This review highlights potential use of neferine, liensinine, isoliensinine, and nuciferine in clinical trials. In depth, mechanism of the potential chemical entities from N. nucifera via structure activity relationship needs to be explored to guarantee the stability and safety for the clinical use. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

The triazole-Au (TA-Au) complexes were identified as effective chemoselective catalysts in promoting propargyl ester/ether 3,3-rearrangements. The highly reactive allenes, which could not be isolated by simple cationic gold catalysts, were prepared in excellent yields (1% catalyst loading, >90% yields). Unlike other reported Au catalysts, the TA-Au provided effective chirality transfer without racemization over a long period of time, giving enantioenriched allenes with excellent stereoselectivity (1% catalyst loading, up to 99% ee).

The air, moisture and thermally stable 1,2,3-triazole coordinated gold(I) complexes (TAAu) were revealed as the effective catalysts in promoting propargylic ester rearrangement and sequential allene hydration, giving the enones with excellent yields (up to 97% yields, 0.2% loading). The catalysts could also catalyze the more challenging Meyer-Schuster rearrangement (0.5% loading, up to 98% yields). The reported reaction confirmed TA-Au as a chemoselective catalyst in promoting alkyne activation with high efficiency and improved ligand economy.

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