No abstract

An epidemic of rice (Oryza sativa) blast occurred on cultivars Epagri 108 and 109 in the municipalities of Lagoa da Confusão and Duerê in the State of Tocantins, during the rice-growing season 1998-99. DNA fingerprinting and virulence phenotype analysis were utilized to determine the diversity of Pyricularia grisea isolates collected from these cultivars in one epidemic year. Rep-PCR analysis of isolates was done by using two primer sequences from Pot2. Two distinct fingerprint groups or lineages were identified among 53 isolates collected from nine different commercial fields. The virulence pattern of isolates retrieved from these two cultivars was analyzed in artificial inoculation tests utilizing 32 genotypes in the greenhouse. A dendrogram constructed from virulence phenotype data showed a single group considering 77% similarity level. The predominant pathotype IB-45 was represented by 47 of the 53 isolates corresponding to 83%. Four other pathotypes (IB-1, IB-9, IB-13 and IB-41) were identified at random among the isolates from these cultivars. There was no relation between rep-PCR grouping and pathotypes. The results showed that the isolates of P. grisea recovered from cultivars Epagri108 and 109 in farmers' fields had narrow phenotypic and genetic diversity. The blast outbreak on these two cultivars one year after their introduction could be attributed to the new pathotype IB-45 or its increase, which was hitherto existing in low frequency.

Agriculture accounts for ~ 70% of all water use and the world population is increasing annually; soon more people will need to be fed, while also using less water. The use of plant-associated bacteria (PAB) is an eco-friendly alternative that can increase crop water use efficiency. This work aimed to study the effect of some PAB on increasing soybean tolerance to drought stress, the mechanisms of the drought tolerance process, and the effect of the PAB on promoting plant growth and on the biocontrol of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. PAB were isolated from soybean rhizosphere and S. sclerotiorum sclerotia. The strains identified as UFGS1 (Bacillus subtilis), UFGS2 (Bacillus thuringiensis), UFGRB2 and UFGRB3 (Bacillus cereus) were selected on their ability to grow in media with reduced water activity. Soybean plants were inoculated with the PAB and evaluated for growth promotion, physiological and molecular parameters, after drought stress. Under drought stress, UFGS2 and UFGRB2 sustained potential quantum efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm), while a decrease was found in the control plants. Moreover, UFGS2 and UFGRB3 maintained the photosynthetic rates in non-stressed conditions compared to the control. UFGS2-treated plants showed a higher stomatal conductance and higher transpiration than the control, after drought stress. Some PAB-treated plants also had other beneficial phenotypes, such as increases in fresh and dried biomass relative to the control. Differential gene expression analysis of genes involved in plant stress pathways shows changes in expression in PAB-treated plants. Results from this study suggest that PAB can mitigate drought stress in soybean and may improve water efficiency under certain conditions.

Resumo -Este trabalho teve como objetivos determinar as perdas na produtividade de arroz causadas pela brusone (Pyricularia grisea) e estabelecer as relações entre a severidade da doença e alguns componentes de produtividade, nas condições naturais de infecção no campo. Foram realizados dois experimentos em solos de cerrado, com e sem irrigação suplementar, com as cultivares melhoradas de arroz de terras altas (Bonança, Canastra, Caiapó e Primavera). O método de regressão múltipla foi utilizado, incluindo severidade de brusone nas folhas e de brusone nas panículas como variáveis independentes e produtividade como variável dependente, para estimativa das perdas na produtividade. No experimento com irrigação suplementar, a severidade de brusone nas folhas não contribuiu para variação da produtividade. No experimento sem irrigação, a perda média na produtividade das quatro cultivares, estimada com base na equação de regressão, foi de 59,6%, considerando as médias de 33,6% e 49,9% de brusone nas folhas e panículas, respectivamente. A perda estimada em biomassa, causada pela brusone nas folhas, foi de 28,6%. As relações entre severidade de brusone nas panículas e a porcentagem de espiguetas vazias foram lineares e positivas e resultaram em 5,0% e 43,9% de perdas, nos experimentos com e sem irrigação, respectivamente. A brusone nas panículas reduziu a massa de 100 grãos em 5,9% no experimento irrigado e em 47,8% no experimento não irrigado. Termos para indexação: Oryza sativa, Magnaporthe grisea, Pyricularia grisea, controle químico, fungicidas. Estimation of grain yield losses caused by blast in upland riceAbstract -The objectives of this work were to determine rice grain yield losses caused by blast (Pyricularia grisea) and to establish the relationships between blast severity and some yield components. Two field experiments were carried out, on cerrado soil, with and without supplementary irrigation, with upland rice cultivars (Bonança, Canastra, Caiapó and Primavera) improved for superior grain quality. Multiple regression procedure was utilized including leaf and panicle blast severities as independent variables and grain yield as dependent variable, for estimating yield losses. The leaf blast severity did not contribute to the variation in grain yield, in the experiment with supplementary irrigation. In the experiment without irrigation, the average yield loss of four cultivars, estimated on the basis of regression equation was 59.6%, considering the mean leaf and panicle blast severities of 33.6% and 49.9%, respectively. The estimated loss in biomass due to leaf blast was 28.6%. The relationship between panicle blast and percentage of empty spikelets was positive and linear, resulting in 5.0% and 43.9% loss, in experiments with and without supplementary irrigation, respectively. Panicle blast reduced 100-grain mass by 5.9% in experiment with irrigation and 47.8% without irrigation. Index terms: Oryza sativa, Magnaporthe grisea, Pyricularia grisea, chemical control, fungicides.(1) Aceito para publicação em 14 I...

Epicoccum sp. showed in vitro antagonism to the rice pathogens Magnaporthe oryzae, Rhizoctonia solani, Sarocladium oryzae, Monographella albescens and Cochliobolus miyabeanus in dual culture. The colony growth of the rice blast fungus, M. oryzae, was reduced by 42.50%. The lethal doses (LD 50 ) determined based on probit-log dosage response curves at 3 and 6 hours after germination were 393.0 and 326.6 ppm, respectively. The crude extract (600 ppm) reduced appressorial formation by 95.68%. A greenhouse experiment comparing the relative efficiency of conidial suspension and crude extract of Epicoccum sp. in the suppression of leaf blast showed no statistical difference between both application methods. However, the crude extract of Epicoccum sp. (4000 ppm) 48 hours before the application of M. oryzae induced resistance and suppressed leaf blast by 97.6%. Scanning electron microscopy of rice leaves inoculated with crude extract of Epicoccum sp. and challenged with M. oryzae showed appressorial deformation on penetration phase. Peroxidase and β-1,3-glucanase activities increased in plants sprayed with crude extract of Epicoccum sp., 24 hours after the application of the challenger. PAL as well as chitinase activities increased 72 hours after challenge inoculation. Epicoccum sp. was shown to be a potential antagonist and inducer of resistance against M. oryzae.

-The objective of this work was to evaluate the resistance spectra of six elite breeding lines of rice, developed for improved yield and grain quality, in inoculation tests in the greenhouse and in the field. Forty-six isolates of Pyricularia grisea collected from the cultivar Primavera, 31 from the cultivar Maravilha and 19 from six elite breeding lines, totaling 96 were utilized for inoculations. Out of 11 international and 15 Brazilian pathotypes, IC-1, IB-9, and BD-16, respectively, were identified as most frequent isolates collected from the cultivar Primavera. The isolates retrieved from Maravilha belong to four international and 11 Brazilian pathotypes, the predominant ones being IB-9 and IB-49 and BB-1 and BB-21, respectively. Lines CNA s 8711 and CNA s 8983 showed resistant reaction to all test isolates from Maravilha, while CNA s 8983 was susceptible to three isolates of Primavera pertaining to the pathotype IC-1. A majority of isolates exhibiting compatible reaction to Primavera were incompatible to Maravilha and vice-versa. Field assessment of rice blast utilizing the area under disease progress curve as a criterion for measuring disease severity showed significant differences among the six breeding lines. The isolates of P. grisea exhibiting differential reaction on breeding lines can be utilized in pyramiding resistance genes in new upland rice cultivars.Index terms: Oryza sativa, pathotypes, physiologic races, rice blast, inoculation methods. Espectro de resistência de seis linhagens elites de arroz de terras altas a Pyricularia griseaResumo -O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o espectro de resistência de seis linhagens elites de arroz de terras altas, desenvolvidas para maior produtividade e qualidade superior de grãos, através de testes de inoculação em casa de vegetação e no campo. Nos testes de inoculação, foram utilizados 96 isolados de Pyricularia grisea, sendo 46 provenientes da cultivar Primavera, 31 da cultivar Maravilha e 19 de seis linhagens elites. Os patótipos internacionais IC-1 e IB-9, e os patótipos brasileiros BD-16 foram identificados como mais freqüentes entre os isolados coletados da cultivar Primavera. Os isolados da cultivar Maravilha pertenceram a quatro patótipos internacionais e a 11 patótipos brasileiros com predominância de IB-9, IB-49, BB-1 e BB-21, respectivamente. Enquanto as linhagens CNA s 8711 e CNA s 8983 apresentaram reações de resistência para todos os isolados oriundos da cultivar Maravilha, CNA s 8983 mostrou reação suscetível para três isolados de Primavera, pertencentes ao patótipo IC-1. A maioria dos isolados que apresentaram reações compatíveis com a cultivar Primavera foram incompatíveis com a cultivar Maravilha e vice-versa. As avaliações no campo mostraram diferenças significativas entre as linhagens com relação à área sob curva de progresso da brusone nas folhas. Os isolados de P. grisea que apresentaram reações diferenciais nas linhagens podem ser utilizados para a piramidação de genes em novas cultivares de arroz de terras altas.Termos pa...

Fungi of Rhizoctonia complex are mycorrhizal of orchids and may to germinate yours seeds and development the seedlings. In this context, our objective was to select a fungal isolate to promote seed germination and seedling development of Cyrtopodium saintlegerianum. Pelotons were found in the roots and three mycorrhizal fungi were isolated. We tested mycorrhizal isolates obtained from C. saintlegerianum roots and six mycorrhizal fungi from other orchids as well three pathogenic isolates (of rice and bean) to germinate the seeds in oatmeal-agar medium. Seeds not inoculated were used as control. The isolates En07 (Waitea circinata), Cs10 (Tulasnella sp.) and Ro88 (Rhizoctonia oryzae) were efficient to promote seed germination, but only En07 differing statistically of the control. The non-specific isolate En07 promoted germination in 81% of seeds and the specific isolate (Cs10) promoted 60%, evidencing the non-specificity mycorrhizal association in this orchid during germination. Axenic seedlings were inoculated with four mycorrhizal fungi (non-inoculated seedlings - control). After six months, the isolates En07 and Cs10 were efficient in the interaction with the seedlings, but did not differ to the control. Therefore, our results suggested that fungi of the Rhizoctonia complex can be used in the germination and seedling development of C. saintlegerianum.

ResumoAs orquídeas podem ser propagadas in vitro em meios de cultivo assépticos ou em simbiose com fungos micorrízicos. Epidendrum nocturnum ocorre em áreas de Cerrado e neste estudo objetivou-se a visualização de fungos micorrízicos em suas raízes bem como o cultivo assimbiótico de suas plântulas em diferentes meios e a micorrização in vitro. No desenvolvimento assimbiótico testou-se três meios de cultura em um ensaio e, em outro ensaio, foram testadas formulações alternativas do meio Knudson C modificado, com a adição de polpa de frutas. Fungos micorrízicos de orquídeas foram usados na micorrização in vitro. Pelotons foram visualizados nas raízes de E. nocturnum. O meio Knudson C modificado diferiu estatisticamente dos demais, nas duas intensidades luminosas, no primeiro ensaio. No segundo ensaio, após sete meses, os meios com formulação alternativa não diferiram estatisticamente entre si. Na micorrização in vitro as plântulas com o isolado fúngico En07 (Waitea circinata) apresentaram maior vigor visual em relação aos demais tratamentos, mas não houve diferença estatística com o controle. Os meios com formulação alternativa e o Knudson C modificado podem ser utilizados no desenvolvimento in vitro de E. nocturnum e o isolado En07 pode ser usado na micorrização visando estratégias de conservação desta orquídea. Palavras-chave: orquídea, desenvolvimento assimbiótico, micorrização, fungo. AbstractOrchids can be propagated in vitro in aseptic culture media or in symbiosis with mycorrhizal fungi. Epidendrum nocturnum occurs in areas of Cerrado and this study aimed to mycorrhizal fungi visualization in their roots and its asymbiotic growing their seedlings in different media and in vitro mycorrhization. In asymbiotic development was tested three culture in a test and, another test, alternative formulations of medium Knudson C modified with addition of fruit pulp. Mycorrhizal fungi orchids were used in in vitro mycorrhization. Pelotons were visualized in the roots of E. nocturnum. The medium Knudson C modified statistically different from the others, the two light intensities, in the first test. In the second test, after seven months, with the alternative formulation means were not statistically different from each other. In vitro mycorrhization plantlets with isolated fungal En07 (Waitea circinata) showed greater visual effect compared to other treatments, but there was no statistical difference with control. The media with alternative formulation and Knudson C modified can be used in vitro development of E. nocturnum, and the isolated fungal En07 can be used in order mycorrhization of this orchid conservation strategies.