A series of pyrazine and quinoxaline derivatives have been synthesized, and their activity against M. tuberculosis (Mtb) and Mycobacterium avium (MAC) are reported. The 4-acetoxybenzyl ester of pyrazinoic acid and 4'-acetoxybenzyl 2-quinoxalinecarboxylate showed excellent activity against Mtb (MIC ranges of less than 1-6.25 microg/mL) but only modest activity against MAC (MICs of 4-32 microg/mL).
The essential cell division protein, FtsZ, from Mycobacterium tuberculosis has been expressed in Escherichia coli and purified. The recombinant protein has GTPase activity typical of tubulin and other FtsZs. FtsZ polymerization was studied using 90°light scattering. The mycobacterial protein reaches maximum polymerization much more slowly (ϳ10 min) than E. coli FtsZ. Depolymerization also occurs slowly, taking 1 h or longer under most conditions. Polymerization requires both Mg 2؉ Bacteria have a variety of genes that are critical for cell division, among them the fts genes (reviewed in references 20, 24, and 26). Cell division occurs at the site of formation of the contractile Z ring, which is composed of a polymer of FtsZ. FtsZ, a 40-kDa protein, is ubiquitous in eubacteria and archaea. Although it has only weak sequence homology to mammalian tubulin, it does contain the tubulin signature motif GGGTGS/TG (7, 9), which is believed to be necessary for the GTPase activity of tubulin. FtsZ polymerizes to form the Z ring in a GTP-dependent manner, analogous to the polymerization of tubulin to form microtubules (4,6,10,21,32). The three-dimensional structures of Methanococcus jannaschii FtsZ and ␣-and -tubulin are quite similar (16,17) and reveal that FtsZ and tubulin form a unique family of GTPases (24).Although the polymerization of tubulin has been studied extensively, understanding FtsZ polymerization has been hampered until recently by the lack of a rapid, easy assay. To date the primary method of examining FtsZ polymerization has relied on centrifugation of the reaction mixture followed by an examination of the pellet or by electron microscopy. Most of the published work has dealt with FtsZ from Escherichia coli (1,6,20). Recently, Mukherjee and Lutkenhaus (22) introduced a light-scattering assay that uses a fluorometer to monitor polymer formation and dissolution. We have used this method to extend our understanding of FtsZ by examining the dynamics of Mycobacterium tuberculosis FtsZ polymerization in vitro. M. tuberculosis FtsZ polymerization is similar to that of E. coli FtsZ in many respects. However, there are some significant differences between the two, with M. tuberculosis FtsZ showing some characteristics more reminiscent of its homolog tubulin than the E. coli protein. This work represents the first study of M. tuberculosis FtsZ, a critical cell division protein for a pathogenic organism of worldwide medical importance. MATERIALS AND METHODSPurification of FtsZ. The M. tuberculosis FtsZ coding sequence was subcloned into the NcoI site of pET15b (Novagen). The resulting plasmid, pJD168, was used to transform E. coli BL21(DE3)/pLysS. Cells were incubated at 32°C in Luria-Bertani (LB) media containing 0.4% glucose for 1 h. Five hundred microliters of transformed cells was added to 250 ml of fresh LB medium containing 0.4% glucose, 100 g of ampicillin/ml, and 34 g of chloramphenicol/ml and incubated overnight at 32°C. The cells were pelleted by centrifugation at room temperature. They were then resusp...
Development of new antimycobacterial agents for Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) infections is important particularly for persons coinfected with human immunodeficiency virus. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the in vitro activity of 2,4-diamino-5-methyl-5-deazapteridines (DMDPs) against MAC and to assess their activities against MAC dihydrofolate reductase recombinant enzyme (rDHFR). Seventy-seven DMDP derivatives were evaluated initially for in vitro activity against one to three strains of MAC (NJ168, NJ211, and/or NJ3404). MICs were determined with 10-fold dilutions of drug and a colorimetric (Alamar Blue) microdilution broth assay. MAC rDHFR 50% inhibitory concentrations versus those of human rDHFR were also determined. Substitutions at position 5 of the pteridine moiety included ™CH 3 , ™CH 2 CH 3 , and ™CH 2 OCH 3 groups. Additionally, different substituted and unsubstituted aryl groups were linked at position 6 through a two-atom bridge of either ™CH 2 NH, ™CH 2 N(CH 3 ), ™CH 2 CH 2 , or ™CH 2 S. All but 4 of the 77 derivatives were active against MAC NJ168 at concentrations of <13 g/ml. Depending on the MAC strain used, 81 to 87% had MICs of <1.3 g/ml. Twenty-one derivatives were >100-fold more active against MAC rDHFR than against human rDHFR. In general, selectivity was dependent on the composition of the two-atom bridge at position 6 and the attached aryl group with substitutions at the 2 and 5 positions on the phenyl ring. Using this assessment, a rational synthetic approach was implemented that resulted in a DMDP derivative that had significant intracellular activity against a MAC-infected Mono Mac 6 monocytic cell line. These results demonstrate that it is possible to synthesize pteridine derivatives that have selective activity against MAC.
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