Long-term records of condensed-phase chemical data are presented from the Adirondack Mountain region of northern New York, USA. These data records are particularly valuable due to the combinations of aerosol, cloud, and precipitation measurements. Objectives of the research and this overview paper include the evaluation of emission reductions of regulated air pollutants and the observed effects on measured deposition, as well as the implications of changing pollutant concentration levels on human health and climate. Summer season cloud chemistry and year-round wet deposition and particulate matter data from two stations on Whiteface Mountain are presented to highlight some of the research and monitoring activities at this mountain location. Clear decreases in the anion concentrations and increases in pH over the past two decades have been observed in cloud and precipitation results. Large decreases in aerosol sulfate (> 80%) and aerosol optical black carbon (> 60%) have been observed for these species over the nearly 40 year summit observatory data record for these measurements, and decreases in PM 2.5 mass, sulfate, nitrate, and ammonium have also been recorded over the shorter 15 year period of measurement at the Marble Mountain Lodge level. The studies cited here highlight some of the past successes of air pollution regulation under the Clean Air Act and Amendments and pave the way for future progress in reducing air pollution.
Whiteface Mountain, with an elevation of 1483 m above sea level, is a relatively low mountain by global standards. At the same time, the summit is some 90 m above the tree line and it is the fifth highest peak in the Adirondack Mountain Range of New York State. Whiteface Mountain is set apart from the other Adirondack High Peaks, providing an ideal location for many types of atmospheric measurements. The geographical location in the northeastern U.S., the lone massif character of the mountain, and the fact that the summit is very often enveloped in cloud has made the observatory an attractive place for scientific research. A four story building specifically for the purposes of scientific research and fire monitoring was built on the summit in 1971. The headquarters of the Whiteface Mountain facility, the Marble Mountain Lodge, is perched on the shoulder of the massif at an elevation of 604 m a.s.l. In some cases the same measurements are made at the two locations to explore the two different but geographically close environments. A summary of past and current measurement activity at both locations is presented in the paper along with selected examples of data sets, analyses, and applications. Important research in the areas of forest ecology, cloud water chemistry, precipitation chemistry, reactive trace gases, and airborne particulate matter are reviewed. Collected data sets for temperature and ozone at the summit are presented, as well as research linking the measured gaseous SO 2 to acid deposition at this location. In addition, an example is given using this long-term data for both gases and particulate matter that helps to establish the accountability of air pollution regulations in the control of sulfur oxides.
[1] This study examined the seasonal cycles and regional-scale meteorological controls on the chemical properties of bulk aerosols collected from 1999 to 2004 at Mount Washington, the highest peak in the northeastern United States. The concentrations of NH 4 + and SO 4 2À peaked during summer months. The pattern for aerosol NO 3 À was more complicated with relatively high median concentrations characterizing spring and summer months, but with major elevated events occurring during fall, winter, and spring. The seasonal relationship between NH 4 + and SO 4 2À indicated that during warmer months a mixture of (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 and NH 4 HSO 4 was present, while it was mainly the latter in winter. More acidity and higher concentrations of the major species were generally associated with winds from the southwest and west sectors. The highest (!95th percentile) concentrations of SO 4 2À and NH 4 + were associated with air mass transport from major upwind source regions in the Midwest and along the eastern seaboard. The ionic composition and seasonal cycle observed at Mount Washington were similar to those measured at other northeastern sites, but the range and average concentrations were much lower. These differences were exaggerated during wintertime. Included in this paper are several Eulerian case studies of SO 2 conversion to SO 4 2À during transit from Whiteface Mountain, New York, to Mount Washington. The calculations suggest a gas-phase SO 2 oxidation rate of $1-2% per hour and demonstrate the possibility of using these two sites to investigate the chemical evolution of air masses as they move from Midwestern source regions to northern New England.
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