Objective: To access the fetal airways percutaneously using ultrasound-guided injection of the fetal trachea in sheep. Methods: Adenoviral gene therapy vectors and transduction-enhancing agents were delivered to the trachea via a needle inserted through the thorax or the neck of late-gestation (0.9 term, n = 3) or mid-gestation (0.5–0.8 term, n = 18) fetal sheep using ultrasound guidance. Results: Injection of the trachea in the fetal thorax was successful in 16 out of 18 fetuses and achieved at the first attempt in 9 fetuses within 12 min [mean 7 min and 31 s ± (SD) 3 min and 4 s]. Survival was 100%. Injecting the trachea in the neck was less successful. Conclusions: The fetal trachea of the sheep can be safely accessed by percutaneous ultrasound-guided injection to deliver vectors directly to the fetal airways for gene therapy. It may also enable tracheal occlusion for the antenatal treatment of congenital diaphragmatic hernia without the need for endoscopy or open surgery.
The effect of southern corn leaf blight caused by disease severities assessed at the dough stage in each year. Helminthosporium maydis race T on corn in Texas male-Regression coefficients were 0.69 in 1975 and 0.70 in 1976 (R 2 sterile cytoplasm was investigated in the field in 1975 and = 86.3 and 87.0%, respectively). Values for y-intercepts for 1976. Losses in yield of grain due to infection initiated late in these equations were not significantly different from zero (P the season were 9.7 to 11.7%. There was no significant = 0.05). Various transformations and multiple regression difference (P = 0.05) between yield in the delayed-inoculation techniques were attempted but they did not enhance treatment and controls in 1975 but there was a significant precision in the analysis. A generalized equation to predict difference in 1976. Losses observed in treatments inoculated yield loss was presented; ^ = 0.69x0; where 9 is the percent prior to anthesis were about 30%. Regression analysis was yield loss and x0 is the percent diseased tissue at the dough used to determine the relationship of percent yield loss and stage. A method to estimate losses from disease assessments disease severities recorded at different stages in the growth of made prior to the dough stage using projected disease the crop. The best regression equation was derived from severities is presented.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.