Abstract. The present study reported a rare case of combined thymic squamous cell carcinoma and thymoma exhibiting a mass on the left chest wall. The patient underwent thoracotomy for invasive thymoma 15 years previously, however, suffered a relapse in the left intrathoracic space. Radiotherapy, chemotherapy and partial resection, as secondary surgery for the intrathoracic mass, were performed. The histological findings in the resected specimens revealed type B3 thymoma. As the patient developed a left chest wall mass and pain in 2013, the mass was resected. The histological findings indicated two separate components composed of type B3 thymoma and squamous cell carcinoma. Immunohistological findings revealed that the thymoma cells were positive for CD5, while the thymic carcinoma cells were negative for CD5. Several reports have demonstrated the coexistence of thymic carcinoma and thymoma in the primary thymus, however, the development of a combined tumor in an extrathymic lesion is extremely rare. The present case had a long follow-up for recurrent thymoma. The present case indicated that the development and/or coexistence of malignant components in the thymoma must be taken into consideration for the treatment and/or management of patients with thymoma and that a pre-existence of CD5 expression in thymoma and the lost change may be associated with the process of malignant transformation.
A 49-year-old man presented with gradually progressive aphasia one month after being diagnosed with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Brain magnetic resonance imaging showed multiple brain lesions with punctate and linear enhancement. A polymerase chain reaction detected Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in the patient's cerebrospinal fluid. A diagnosis of isolated central nervous system lymphomatoid granulomatosis (CNS-LYG) was made based on the brain biopsy findings. The complete remission of CNS-LYG was achieved by anti-retroviral therapy (ART) alone. In the present case, the development of AIDS-associated CNS-LYG was considered to have been initiated by the reactivation of EBV in the CNS under immunosuppressive conditions. The patient's condition improved with the reconstitution of the patient's immune system.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.