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We have developed a bioassay model to estimate toxicity of fine particles in the lungs at an early stage after intratracheal instillation (Yokohira et al. 2005;Yokohira et al. 2007). The present experiment was conducted to improve the model by estimating appropriate doses based on dose-dependent toxicity of instilled quartz (4 mg to 0 mg) as a positive control and assessing the impact of powdered particles without suspension (Experiment 1). In addition, examination of the toxicity of a series of particles was performed with the developed bioassay (Experiments 2A, 2B, and 2C). The materials chosen were sixteen particles, including nanoparticles and diesel powder. Histopathological and immunohistochemical analysis of bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) were performed after exposure of the lungs.A dose of 2 mg quartz suspended in 0.2 mL saline was suggested to be most appropriate for sensitive detection of acute and subchronic inflammatory changes. Although some materials, including nanoparticles, demonstrated toxicity that was too strong for sensitive assessment, the ranking order could be given as follows: CuO > quartz > neutralized Na 2 PdCl 4 > NiO > hydrotalcite > MnO 2 > diesel > titanium dioxide (in Experiment 2B) > β-cyclodextrin > diesel standard > titanium dioxide (in Experiment 2A) > CaCO 3 .

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Recently we reported that the occurrence of lung adenoma caused by 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) was completely prevented by pretreatment of female A/J mice with 8-methoxypsoralen, a potent inhibitor of cytochrome P450 (P450 or CYP) 2A [Takeuchi et al. (2003) Cancer Res., 63, 7581-7583]. Thus, the aim of this study was to confirm that 8-methoxypsoralen exhibits chemopreventive effects by inhibiting CYP2A in the mouse lung. The involvement of CYP2A in the metabolic activation of NNK in the lung was first evidenced by the fact that the mutagenic activation of NNK by mouse lung microsomes was inhibited by 8-methoxypsoralen, coumarin and antibodies to rat CYP2A1. Supporting this, the mutagenic activation of NNK was efficiently catalyzed by mouse CYP2A4 and CYP2A5 co-expressed with NADPH-P450 reductase in a genetically engineered Salmonella typhimurium YG7108. The expression of mRNA for CYP2A5, but not for CYP2A4 or CYP2A12, in the mouse lung was proven by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, probably indicating that CYP2A5 present in the mouse lung was involved in the metabolic activation of NNK. In accordance with these in vitro data, treatment of gpt delta transgenic mice with 8-methoxypsoralen prior to NNK completely inhibited the mutation of the gpt delta gene. The in vivo chemopreventive effects of 8-methoxypsoralen towards NNK-induced adenoma was seen only when the agent was given to female A/J mice prior to, but not posterior to, NNK, lending support to the idea that NNK is activated by CYP2A5 in the mouse lung as an initial step to cause adenoma. The inhibition by 8-methoxypsoralen of NNK-induced adenoma was seen in a dose-dependent manner: the dose to show apparent 50% suppression was calculated to be 1.0 mg/kg. To our surprise, CYP2A protein(s) was expressed in the lesion of NNK-induced lung adenomas, probably suggesting that 8-methoxypsoralen could inhibit the possible occurrence of further mutation of the adenoma cells induced by NNK. Based on these lines of evidence, we propose that 8-methoxypsoralen inhibits the CYP2A5-mediated metabolic activation of NNK in the mouse lung, leading to the prevention of NNK-induced adenoma.