promising light absorber materials, demon strating low-cost solution processing, ease of fabrication, and outstanding optoelectronic properties. [1,2] Since the first report on the perovskite solar cells (PSCs) employing methylammonium lead iodide (MAPbI 3 ), [3] their power conversion efficiency (PCE) has now exceeded 25% for small-area cells. [4,5] The high efficiency of PSCs is achieved by tuning the perovskite layer through compositional engineering, [6][7][8] surface passivation, [9][10][11][12][13] and/or by using various additives. [14][15][16] Besides component engineering of the perovskite layer, a lot of works have been devoted to the development of efficient charge transport layers. [17][18][19][20][21] Particularly, the electron transport layers (ETLs) play an important role in realizing efficient and stable PSCs. [22,23] Thus far, titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) is a widely applied ETL in PSCs but it suffers from low conductivity and high surface defect density. [24] Among alternative ETLs, zinc oxide (ZnO) has been regarded as a convenient candidate due to its high electron mobility and well-matched energy level with perovskite material. [25,26] This Atomic layer deposition (ALD) has been considered as an efficient method to deposit high quality and uniform thin films of various electron transport materials for perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Here, the effect of deposition sequence in the ALD process of aluminum-doped zinc oxide (AZO) films on the performance and stability of PSCs is investigated. Particularly, the surface of AZO film is terminated by diethylzinc (DEZ)/H 2 O (AZO-1) or trimethylaluminum (TMA)/H 2 O pulse (AZO-2), and investigated with surface-sensitive X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy technique. It is observed that AZO-2 significantly enhances the thermal stability of the upcoming methylammonium lead iodide (MAPbI 3 ) layer and facilitates charge transport at the interface as evidenced by photoluminescence spectroscopes and favorable interfacial band alignment. Finally, planar-type PSC with AZO-2 layer exhibits a champion power conversion efficiency of 18.09% with negligible hysteresis and retains 82% of the initial efficiency after aging for 100 h under ambient conditions (relative humidity 40 ± 5%). These results highlight the importance of atomic layer engineering for developing efficient and stable PSCs.
Herein, the catalytic performance of palladium nanoparticles grafted on the polymeric TSNH2 (Tentagel-S-NH2) resin was investigated for continuous-flow liquid-phase hydrogenation of two industrially relevant chemicals: 2-methyl-3-butyn-2-ol and nitrocyclohexane. We investigated the effect of process parameters such as temperature and pressure on PdTSNH2 activity and selectivity. Depending on the reaction conditions, well-dispersed PdNPs with average size of about 2 nm have shown very high flexibility in terms selectivity toward the desired products: 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol or 2-methyl-2-butanol in the case of 2-methyl-3-butyn-2-ol hydrogenation and cyclohexanone oxime or cyclohexylamine as the main product in the case of nitrocyclohexane conversion. The optimal reaction conditions for 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol formation were estimated at 25 °C and 5 bar, and in the case of cyclohexanone oxime formation at 40 °C and 10 bar. We demonstrated the general trend in the catalytic performance of 2.2 wt% Pd grafted on Tentagel-S-NH2. Independently of the hydrogenated substrate, the increase in conversion leads to decreased selectivity to 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol and cyclohexanone oxime at the expense of increasing the selectivity to 2-methyl-2-butanol or cyclohexylamine. Graphic abstract
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