To analyze the co-occurrence of virulence genes among bovine and human commensal E. coli strains and visualize it in the network interface, we constructed a pairwise co-occurrence matrix for each gene (Supplemental Table S8). Only one co-occurrence
Chitosan (CHI), PCEP (poly{[(cholesteryl oxocarbonylamido ethyl) methyl bis(ethylene) ammonium iodide] ethyl phosphate}), and magnetic (MNP) nanoparticles were evaluated for the safe delivery of genes in the eye. Rabbits were injected with nanoparticles either intra-vitreally (IV) or sub-retinally (SR) and sacrificed 7 days later. Eyes were grossly evaluated for retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) abnormalities, retinal degeneration, and inflammation. All eyes were cryopreserved and sectioned for analysis of toxicity and expression of either enhanced green (GFP) or red (DsRed) fluorescent proteins. All of the nanoparticles were able to transfect cells in vitro and in vivo. IV chitosan showed inflammation in 12/13 eyes while IV PCEP and IV MNP were not inflammatory and did not induce retinal pathology. SR PCEP was nontoxic in the majority of cases but yielded poor transfection while SR MNPs were nontoxic and yielded good transfection. Therefore, we conclude that the best nanoparticle evaluated in vivo was the least toxic nanoparticle tested, the MNP.
Aims: This study investigated the expression and localisation of thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1), a known antiangiogenic extracellular matrix protein, in normal aged control human eyes and eyes with age related macular degeneration (AMD). Methods: Immunohistochemical analysis with mouse anti-human TSP-1 antibody and mouse anti-human CD 34 antibody, as a blood vessel marker, was performed on frozen sections from macular and peripheral blocks of aged control donor eyes (n = 12; mean age 78.8 years), and eyes with AMD (n = 12; mean age 83.9 years). Pigment in retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and choroidal melanocytes was bleached. Three independent observers scored the immunohistochemical reaction product. Results: In the macular region, TSP-1 expression was observed intensely in Bruch's membrane and weakly in RPE basement membrane, choriocapillaris, and the wall of large choroidal blood vessels in the aged control eyes. In eyes with AMD, TSP-1 immunoreactivity was significantly lower in all structures except RPE basement membrane (p,0.01). There was significantly lower TSP-1 in the far periphery than the equator and submacular regions in all eyes. TSP-1 immunoreactivity was low in choroidal neovascularisation (CNV), but it was high and diffuse in adjacent scar tissue. Conclusion: These findings suggest that decreased TSP-1 in Bruch's membrane and choroidal vessels during AMD may permit the formation of CNV.A ngiogenic ocular diseases, especially age related macular degeneration (AMD), are a leading cause of blindness in the elderly population in western world.
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