To evaluate meloxicam plasma concentrations using a microneedle patch, 12 pigs (initial BW = 2.5 ± 0.53 kg) were stratified into of 4 treatment groups. Treatment groups were: 1) pigs (n = 2) received 0.5 mg/kg meloxicam via oral drench (oral); 2) pigs (n = 2) received a patch with no meloxicam (placebo); 3) pigs (n = 4) received microneedle patch dosed at 2.5 mg/kg (low dose); and 4) pigs (n = 4) received 2 microneedle patches dosed at 5 mg/kg (high dose). Blood was collected for plasma analysis at 0, 2, 4, 8, 12, 24, 48, 72, 96, and 168 hours. Microneedle patches were adhered on the pinna of the ear after blood collection at 0 hour. Statistical analyses were performed using the MIXED procedure of SAS 9.4, assessing effects of treatment, time, and treatment × time interaction. Statistical significance was determined at P ≤ 0.05, with tendencies at 0.05 < P ≥ 0.1. There was a treatment × time interaction (P < 0.0001), with the oral treatment group having greater meloxicam plasma concentrations at 2, 4, and 8 hours than placebo, low dose, and high dose treatment groups (P < 0.0001), but there were no differences for 24, 48, 72, 96, and 168 hours (P > 0.1). The oral treatment group tended to have greater meloxicam plasma concentrations at 12 hours compared with placebo (P = 0.09), low dose (P = 0.054), and high dose (P = 0.054) treatment groups. There were no differences between placebo, low dose, and high dose treatment groups for any blood collection timepoint (P > 0.1). Meloxicam concentrations in plasma were detectable but low for both the low dose treatment group (0.21 ng/mL) and high dose treatment group (1.14 ng/mL). Research is continuing to determine the ideal meloxicam dosage needed on the patch to deliver desired plasma concentrations.
The objectives of this study were to: 1) to examine the effect of number of stocker cattle in a receiving pen on BRD morbidity and mortality; and 2) to examine the effect of number of stocker cattle in a receiving pen on cattle performance. Crossbred steers of unknown origin and history (n = 200) were purchased from auction barns in the southern portion of the United States. Cattle were stratified by weight and assigned to either a small (10 head/pen) or large (50 head/pen) treatment on arrival. Calves were assigned to 1 of 3 large pens or 1 of 5 small pens. Cattle were observed daily for clinical signs of BRD and treated if rectal temperature ≥40°C. Body weight was collected on d 0, 14, 28, 42, and 56. Rectal temperature was collected at arrival. Days-at-risk for BRD was the number of days from arrival until a calf: (1) was first diagnosed with BRD; (2) died; or (3) finished the trial. Treatment effects on BRD incidence and performance were tested using Poisson distribution and logistic regression using GLIMMIX or linear regression using MIXED procedure of SAS, respectively, accounting for clustering by pen. Mortality was analyzed using the LOGISTIC function with Firth’s penalized likelihood. There were 8,698 total days at risk and overall incidence density was 7.82 BRD cases per 1,000 calf days. Overall morbidity totaled 32.5% with 5.5% mortality. No difference among treatment was observed for morbidity, mortality, or performance. Cattle with fever on arrival were 1.125 times more likely to contract BRD (P ˂ .0001). The number of BRD treatments received had an effect on ADG at d 0–14 (P ˂ .0001), 0–28 (P ˂ .0001), and 0–60 (P ˂ .0001), with ADG decreasing as number of treatments increased. In summary, fever on arrival affected BRD incidence, and number of treatments cattle received affected growth throughout the trial.
The objectives of this study were to: 1) to examine the effect of number of stocker cattle in a receiving pen on BRD morbidity and mortality; and 2) to examine the effect of number of stocker cattle in a receiving pen on cattle performance. Crossbred steers of unknown origin and history (n = 200) were purchased from auction barns in the southern portion of the United States. Cattle were stratified by weight and assigned to either a small (10 head/pen) or large (50 head/pen) treatment on arrival. Calves were assigned to 1 of 3 large pens or 1 of 5 small pens. Cattle were observed daily for clinical signs of BRD and treated if rectal temperature ≥40°C. Body weight was collected on d 0, 14, 28, 42, and 56. Rectal temperature was collected at arrival. Days-at-risk for BRD was the number of days from arrival until a calf: (1) was first diagnosed with BRD; (2) died; or (3) finished the trial. Treatment effects on BRD incidence and performance were tested using Poisson distribution and logistic regression using GLIMMIX or linear regression using MIXED procedure of SAS, respectively, accounting for clustering by pen. Mortality was analyzed using the LOGISTIC function with Firth’s penalized likelihood. There were 8,698 total days at risk and overall incidence density was 7.82 BRD cases per 1,000 calf days. Overall morbidity totaled 32.5% with 5.5% mortality. No difference among treatment was observed for morbidity, mortality, or performance. Cattle with fever on arrival were 1.125 times more likely to contract BRD (P ˂ .0001). The number of BRD treatments received had an effect on ADG at d 0–14 (P ˂ .0001), 0–28 (P ˂ .0001), and 0–60 (P ˂ .0001), with ADG decreasing as number of treatments increased. In summary, fever on arrival affected BRD incidence, and number of treatments cattle received affected growth throughout the trial.
To investigate the effects of inorganic or amino acid-complexed sources of trace minerals (zinc, copper, manganese, and cobalt) on performance and morbidity of beef heifers during the receiving period, crossbred beef heifer calves (n = 287, initial body weight = 231 kg) arriving on 3 delivery dates were used in a 42-day receiving trial. Heifers were processed after arrival and stratified by day -1 body weights and allocated randomly to 8 pens (11 to 13 heifers/pen; total of 24 pens). Within truckload, pens were assigned randomly to dietary treatment (12 pens/treatment). Calves were housed on 0.42-ha grass paddocks, provided ad libitum access to bermudagrass hay and water, and fed grain supplements that served as the carriers of the dietary treatments. Treatments consisted of supplemental zinc (360 mg/d), copper (125 mg/d), manganese (200 mg/d), and cobalt (12 mg/d) from complexed (Availa 4, Zinpro Corporation, Eden Prairie, MN) or inorganic sources (sulfates). Cattle were observed daily for clinical bovine respiratory disease (BRD). If presenting symptoms of BRD and if rectal temperature was ≥ 40°C, cattle were deemed morbid and treated with an antibiotic according to a standard preplanned protocol. Six heifers/pen were bled to determine serum haptoglobin concentrations on days 0, 14, and 28. Statistical analyses were performed using the MIXED and GLIMMIX procedures of SAS 9.4 with truckload as a random effect and pen within truckload specified as subject. There tended to be a treatment by day interaction for body weights (P = 0.07). Body weights did not differ on day 0 (P = 0.82) and day 14 (P = 0.36), but heifers supplemented with complexed trace mineral sources had greater body weights on day 28 (P = 0.04) and day 42 (P = 0.05; 264 vs. 260 kg, SE = 1.8). Overall average daily gains were greater for heifers supplemented with the complexed trace mineral sources (P = 0.05; 0.78 vs. 0.70 kg, SE = 0.03). Cattle supplemented with inorganic trace mineral sources had greater BRD morbidity incidence than cattle supplemented with complexed trace mineral sources (P = 0.03; 58 vs. 46%, SE = 3.6). Medication costs were lower for heifers supplemented with complexed trace mineral sources (P = 0.05; $11.01 vs. $14.90, SE = 1.33). Haptoglobin concentrations decreased throughout the trial (day, P < 0.001), and cattle supplemented with complexed trace mineral sources tended to have lower haptoglobin concentrations (P = 0.07). In conclusion, supplementing cattle for the first 42 days after arrival with amino acid complexed trace mineral sources improved heifer performance as compared to heifers supplemented with inorganic trace minerals.
The objective of this study was to assess the effect of winter hair coat shedding for crossbred Angus dams (n = 544) on calf birth weights, calf weaning weights (WW), calf adjusted 205-day weaning weights (d205wt), artificial insemination (AI) pregnancy rates, overall pregnancy rates, cow pre-breeding body weights (PBW), cow pre-breeding body condition scores (PBCS) over a two-year collection period. Hair shedding data were collected on fall-calving crossbred cows from March to July using a visual hair shedding score of 1 to 5 was assigned to each cow, with 1 exhibiting 100% shedding of winter coat to 5 exhibiting 0% shedding of winter coat. Month of first shedding (MFS) was determined once a female reached a hair shedding score of ≤ 3 for any given month. Artificial insemination pregnancy and overall pregnancy was determined by rectal ultrasound. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS for calf performance, cow BW, and cow BCS, and the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS for AI pregnancy and overall pregnancy analyses. Statistical significance was declared at P ≤ 0.05 and tendencies declared at 0.05 < P ≤ 0.1. There was no effect of MFS on calf birth weights (P = 0.79), WW (P = 0.12), d205wt (P = 0.28), AI pregnancy (P = 0.76), overall pregnancy (P = 0.80), PBW (P = 0.11), and BCS (P = 0.69). The findings reported in this study indicate that MFS had no effect on cowherd performance during this two-year study in Arkansas; however, there is a need for continuing research to be performed to evaluate the effects of winter hair coat shedding in other environments.
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