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Consolidation to tumor size ratio at respective maximum dimensions was the best predictor of non-invasive peripheral adenocarcinoma.

The prognosis of surgically resected N2 disease varies tremendously according to the 4 significant prognostic factors. These factors should be clearly described in reporting clinical trials on N2 lung cancer. Clinical N status evaluated by computed tomographic scan should be 1 criterion to perform a clinical trial for N2 disease among a homogeneous population with respect to prognosis.

These results suggest that IPF has the potential to develop into lung cancer, especially peripheral squamous cell carcinoma. Further molecular analyses are necessary to clarify the relationship between IPF and lung cancer.