The primary electron donor in bacterial reaction centers is a dimer of bacteriochlorophyll a molecules, labeled L or M based on their proximity to the symmetryrelated protein subunits. The electronic structure of the bacteriochlorophyll dimer was probed by introducing small systematic variations in the bacteriochlorophyll-protein interactions by a series of site-directed mutations that replaced residue Leu M160 with histidine, tyrosine, glutamic acid, glutamine, aspartic acid, asparagine, lysine, and serine. The midpoint potentials for oxidation of the dimer in the mutants showed an almost continuous increase up to Ϸ60 mV compared with wild type. The spin density distribution of the unpaired electron in the cation radical state of the dimer was determined by electron-nuclear-nuclear triple resonance spectroscopy in solution. The ratio of the spin density on the L side of the dimer to the M side varied from Ϸ2:1 to Ϸ5:1 in the mutants compared with Ϸ2:1 for wild type. The correlation between the midpoint potential and spin density distribution was described using a simple molecular orbital model, in which the major effect of the mutations is assumed to be a change in the energy of the M half of the dimer, providing estimates for the coupling and energy levels of the orbitals in the dimer. These results demonstrate that the midpoint potential can be fine-tuned by electrostatic interactions with amino acids near the dimer and show that the properties of the electronic structure of a donor or acceptor in a protein complex can be directly related to functional properties such as the oxidation-reduction midpoint potential.The reaction center is the site of the primary process in photosynthesis, which is the conversion of light energy into a charge-separated state (for reviews, see ref. 1). The electron transfer process in the reaction center has the remarkable aspect that the quantum yield is near unity, that is, for every photon absorbed, one electron is transferred. The reaction center isolated from the purple bacterium Rhodobacter sphaeroides is particularly useful for the study of electron transfer because this complex has been well characterized biochemically and spectroscopically, and the three-dimensional structure has been determined by x-ray diffraction (2-5). The reaction center has two core subunits, L and M, that form the binding sites for the cofactors and are related by an Ϸ2-fold symmetry axis. The primary electron donor (P) consists of two symmetry-related bacteriochlorophyll (BChl) a molecules labeled P L and P M that overlap at the ring I position and are separated by Ϸ3.5 Å (Fig. 1). Light absorption causes the excitation of P, and within 3.5 ps, an electron is transferred to a bacteriopheophytin acceptor. Electron transfer proceeds to the primary quinone acceptor, Q A , in Ϸ200 ps and to the secondary quinone, Q B , in Ϸ200 s. After reduction of the donor by cytochrome c 2 , absorption of a second photon leads to the transfer of a second electron to Q B , which then leaves the protein carry...

The properties of the primary electron donor in reaction centers from Rhodobacter sphaeroides have been investigated in mutants containing a bacteriochlorophyll (BChl)--bacteriopheophytin (BPhe) dimer with and without hydrogen bonds to the conjugated carbonyl groups. The heterodimer mutation His M202 to Leu was combined with each of the following mutations: His L168 to Phe, which should remove an existing hydrogen bond to the BChl molecule; Leu L131 to His, which should add a hydrogen bond to the BChl molecule; and Leu M160 to His and Phe M197 to His, each of which should add a hydrogen bond to the BPhe molecule [Rautter, J., Lendzian, F., Schulz, C., Fetsch, A., Kuhn M., Lin, X., Williams, J. C., Allen J. P., & Lubitz, W. (1995) Biochemistry 34, 8130-8143]. Pigment extractions and Fourier transform Raman spectra confirm that all of the mutants contain a heterodimer. The bands in the resonance Raman spectra arising from the BPhe molecule, which is selectively enhanced, exhibit the shifts expected for the addition of a hydrogen bond to the 9-keto and 2-acetyl carbonyl groups. The oxidation--reduction midpoint potential of the donor is increased by approximately 85 mV by the addition of a hydrogen bond to the BChl molecule but is only increased by approximately 15 mV by the addition of a hydrogen bond to the BPhe molecule. An increase in the rate of charge recombination from the primary quinone is correlated with an increase in the midpoint potential. The yield of electron transfer to the primary quinone is 5-fold reduced for the mutants with a hydrogen bond to the BPhe molecule. Room- and low-temperature optical absorption spectra show small differences from the features that are typical for the heterodimer, except that a large increase in absorption is observed around 860-900 nm for the donor Qy band in the mutant that adds a hydrogen bond to the BChl molecule. The changes in the optical spectra and the yield of electron transfer are consistent with a model in which the addition of a hydrogen bond to the BChl molecule increases the energy of an internal charge transfer state while the addition to the BPhe molecule stabilizes this state. The results show that the properties of the heterodimer are different depending on which side is hydrogen-bonded and suggest that the hydrogen bonds alter the energy of the internal charge transfer state in a well-defined manner.

The primary donor, P, of photosynthetic bacterial reaction centers (RCs) is a dimer of excitonically interacting bacteriochlorophyll (BChl) molecules. The two constituents are named PL and PM to designate their close association with the L- and M-subunits, respectively, of the RC protein. A series of site-directed mutants of RCs from Rhodobacter sphaeroides has been constructed in order to model the effects of hydrogen bonding on the redox midpoint potential and electronic structure of P. The leucine residue at position M160 was genetically replaced with eight other amino acid residues capable of donating a hydrogen bond to the C9 keto carbonyl group of the PM BChl a molecule of P. Fourier transform (FT) (pre)resonance Raman spectroscopy with 1064 nm excitation was used to (i) determine the formation and strengths of hydrogen bonds on this latter keto carbonyl group in the reduced, neutral state (PO), and (ii) determine the degree of localization of the positive charge on one of the two constituent BChl molecules of P in its oxidized, radical cation state (P*+). A correlation was observed between the strength of the hydrogen bond and the increase in PO/P*+ redox midpoint potential. This correlation is less pronounced than that observed for another series of RC mutants where hydrogen bonds to the four pi-conjugated carbonyl groups of P were broken or formed uniquely involving histidinyl residues [Mattioli, T. A., Lin, X., Allen, J. P. and Williams, J. C. (1995) Biochemistry 34, 6142-6152], indicating that histidinyl residues are more effective in raising the PO/P*+ redox midpoint potential via hydrogen bond formation than are other hydrogen bond-forming residues. In addition, an increase in positive charge localization is correlated with the strength of the hydrogen bond and with the PO/P*+ redox midpoint potential. This latter correlation was analyzed using an asymmetric bacteriochlorophyll dimer model based on Hückel-type molecular orbitals in order to obtain estimates of certain energetic parameters of the primary donor. Based on this model, the correlation is extrapolated to the case of complete localization of the positive charge on PL and gives a predicted value for the P/P+ redox midpoint potential similar to that experimentally determined for the Rb. sphaeroides HL(M202) heterodimer. The model yields parameters for the highest occupied molecular orbital energies of the two BChl a constituents of P which are typical for the oxidation potential of isolated BChl a in vitro, suggesting that the protein, as compared to many solvents, does not impart atypical redox properties to the BChl a constituents of P.

The primary electron donor (P) of the photosynthetic reaction center (RC) from the purple bacterium Rhodobacter (Rb.) sphaeroides is constituted of two bacteriochlorophyll molecules in excitonic interaction. The C2 acetyl carbonyl group of one of the two bacteriochlorophyll molecules (PL), the one more closely associated with the L polypeptide subunit, is engaged in a hydrogen bond with histidine L168, while the other pi-conjugated carbonyl groups of P are free from such hydrogen-bonding interactions. The three-dimensional X-ray crystal structures of the RC from several strains of Rb. sphaeroides reveal that asparagine L166 probably interacts indirectly with P through His L168. Such an interaction is expected to modulate the hydrogen bond between P and His L168, a residue which is highly conserved in purple bacteria. RC mutants of Rb. sphaeroides where asparagine L166 was genetically replaced by leucine [NL(L166)], histidine [NH(L166)], and aspartate [ND(L166)] were studied using Fourier transform (FT) Raman spectroscopy. All of these mutations resulted in an increase in the strength of the hydrogen bond between His L168 and the acetyl carbonyl group of P(L), as observed in the FT Raman spectrum, by the 2-4 cm(-1) decrease in vibrational frequency of the 1620 cm(-1) band which has been assigned to this specific acetyl carbonyl group [Mattioli, T. A., Lin, X., Allen, J. P., & Williams, J. C. (1995) Biochemistry 34, 6142-6152]. At pH 8, the NH(L166) mutation showed the greatest change in the P0/P.+ redox midpoint potential (515 mV), increasing it by ca. 30 mV compared to that of wild type (485 mV). A similar increase in P0/P.+ redox midpoint potential for NH(L166) compared to that of wild type is also observed at pH 5, 6, and 9.5. The p0/P.+ midpoint potential of the NL(L166) mutant was comparable to that of wild type at all pH values. In contrast, for the ND(L166) mutant, the midpoint potential shows a markedly different pH dependency, being 25 mV higher than wild type at pH 5 but 20 mV lower than wild type at pH 9.5. The hydrogen bond interactions of the primary electron donor from Rhodospirillum (Rsp.) centenum were determined from the FT Raman vibrational spectrum which exhibits a 1616 cm(-1) band similar to what is seen in the NH(L166) and ND(L166) Rb. sphaeroides mutants. Comparison of the sequence of the L subunit determined for the Rsp. centenum RC with that of other species indicates that positions L166 and L168 are occupied by His residues. The stronger hydrogen bond between the conserved His L168 and the acetyl carbonyl group of P(L), observed in the primary donor of Rsp. centenum and of several bacterial species which are known to possess a histidine residue at the analogous L166 position, is proposed to be due to interactions between these two histidine residues.