This study investigated the impact of crude oil price and exchange rate on economic growth in Nigeria using an autoregressive distributed lag model covering the period from 1982-2018. The results indicated that crude oil price and exchange rate have significant positive impact on economic growth in both the long-run and the short-run periods. The findings suggested that crude oil price and exchange rate which are the focal points of the study, could affect economic growth in both the long-run and the short-run. Therefore government should diversify its earnings in agriculture, industrialization and investment in order to reduce the heavy reliance on crude oil and income fluctuation resulting from the fluctuation in crude oil prices.

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The study investigates the impact of corona virus out break on the global energy demand in china using the time series daily data spanning the period 23 rd January to 8 th February 2020 on total cases of corona virus, total population of china, total exchange rate of Chinese currency and international crude oil prices. Using the Philip Perron unit root test for testing the stationarity of the variables, the results revealed that total cases of corona virus, international crude oil price and total population are stationary at level while official exchange of Chinese currency is stationary at first difference. After the testing the existence of co-integration relationship among the variables using Engle Granger test for co-integration, the ordinary least squares test result revealed that total population has positive and significant impact on total cases of corona virus while crude oil price is negative and significantly related to the cases of the virus. The official exchange rate is also negative but insignificant in explaining the cases of the virus. Base on the findings, the researchers therefore recommend that the oil producing countries should reduce their supply of crude oil to the country affected with the virus in order to push the price upward to the desired level and the government of the affected country should maintain restrictions with regards to the movement of its population in order to tackled the spread of the virus.

This study investigates the impact of crude oil price on exchange rate in Nigeria using an autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model covering the period from 1983-2017. The results showed that crude oil price has negative and significant impact on exchange rate in both the long run and the short run whereas oil revenue and Gross Domestic Products have significant positive impact on exchange rate also in both the long-run and the short-run periods. The findings suggested that crude oil price which is the focal point of the study, could affect exchange rate in the both the long-run and the short-run. Therefore the study concludes that crude oil price, oil revenue and Gross domestic Products are among the determinants of exchange rate in Nigeria.

The impacts of crude oil price and urbanization on environmental pollution in Nigeria for the time frame of 1981 to 2016 is the main objective of this paper and the objective was achieved through the application of Augmented Dickey Fuller and Kwiatkowski Philip Schmidt Shin unit root tests together with Autoregressive Distributed Lag Model in the process of achieving stationarity and cointegration among the variables. The results obtained showed from ADF indicate that foreign direct investment and urbanization were stationary at level while environmental pollution and crude oil price at first difference. But KPSS result revealed that all the variables with the exception of urbanization were stationary at level and the bound test result revealed that all the variables are cointegrated. The long-run and the short-run findings indicate that foreign direct investment and crude oil price have significant negative sign with environmental pollution for the periods under study and this shows that these variables are helps in ensuring clean environment and maintain the quality of the environment. But urbanization results from the long-run and the short-run models shows that it has significant positive sign with environmental pollution and this signifies that urbanization is among the drivers of environmental pollution in the country. We recommend that for the country to maintain good environmental quality the country must limit the process of urbanization to best level in order to reduce the associated environmental impacts and to maintain balance were the quality of the environment is not harm by the increasing urbanization. Contribution/ Originality: This study contributes to the existing literatures by providing evidence that rise in crude oil price helps in reducing the level of environmental pollution and urbanization is accountable for the increase in the level of environmental pollution in Nigeria.