Background-The signaling cascades responsible for the activation of transcription factors in the hypertrophic growth of cardiac myocytes during hemodynamic overload are largely unknown. Several of the genes upregulated in the hypertrophied heart, including B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) gene, are controlled by the cardiac-restricted zinc finger transcription factor GATA4. Methods and Results-An in vivo model of intravenous administration of arginine 8 -vasopressin (AVP) for up to 4 hours in conscious normotensive rats was used to study the signaling mechanisms for GATA activation in response to pressure overload. Gel mobility shift assays were used to analyze the trans-acting factors that interact with the GATA motifs of the BNP promoter. AVP-induced increase in mean arterial pressure was followed by a significant increase in the BNP and c-fos mRNA levels in both the endocardial and epicardial layers of the left ventricle, whereas GATA4 and GATA6 mRNA levels remained unchanged. Pressure overload within 15 to 60 minutes produced an increase in left ventricular BNP GATA4 but not GATA5 and GATA6 binding activity, and at 30 minutes a 2.2-fold increase (PϽ0.001) in GATA4 binding was noted. The mixed endothelin-1 ET A /ET B receptor antagonist bosentan but not the angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist losartan completely inhibited the pressure overload-induced increase in left ventricular BNP GATA4 binding activity. Bosentan alone had no statistically significant effect on GATA4 binding activity of the left ventricle in conscious animals. Conclusions-ET-

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Abstract-Adrenomedullin (AM) may function as an autocrine and/or paracrine factor in the heart, but the exact mechanisms regulating cardiac AM gene expression are unknown. The aim of the present study was to characterize the precise time course of induction of atrial and ventricular AM gene expression during pressure overload and to study whether endothelin-1 or angiotensin II plays a causal role in the activation of cardiac AM gene expression. The pressure overload was produced by arginine-vasopressin (AVP, 0.05 g/kg per minute IV) infusion for 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 1 hour, 2 hours, or 4 hours in conscious rats. A significant increase in left ventricular AM mRNA levels was seen after 2 hours of pressure overload in the left ventricle and after 30 minutes in the left atrium. The left atrial immunoreactive AM (ir-AM) levels decreased significantly after 2 hours of pressure overload. Plasma ir-AM levels increased slightly in response to 4 hours of AVP infusion. Bolus injections of bosentan (mixed ET A /ET B receptor antagonist, 10 mg/kg IV), losartan (AT 1 receptor antagonist, 10 mg/kg IV), and their combination had no effect on the increase of cardiac AM mRNA and ir-AM levels produced by 2 hours of pressure overload. In addition, losartan, bosentan, and their combination did not affect plasma ir-AM levels in the vehicle-infused and AVP-infused animals. The present study indicates that cardiac AM gene expression is rapidly upregulated in response to pressure. The induction of ventricular and atrial AM gene expression by pressure overload is angiotensin II-independent and endothelin-1-independent.

We studied the role of angiotensin II in pressure overload-induced B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) gene expression by using a double transgenic rat (dTGR) model, in which transgenic rats for the human angiotensinogen and renin genes are crossed. Pressure overload produced by [Arg8]-vasopressin (AVP) infusion (i.v., 0.05 microg/kg/min for 2 h) in conscious, chronically instrumented rats, resulted in a significantly greater increase in BNP mRNA levels in the left atrium of the dTGR rats than in Sprague-Dawley (SD) control rats (3.6- vs 1.6-fold, p < 0.05), while in the left ventricle there was no significant difference between the strains. In dTGR rats, the early activation of the BNP gene expression was associated with a decrease in immunoreactive BNP levels in the atrium (27.5%, p < 0.05), but not in the ventricle. In SD rats, ir-BNP levels did not change significantly in either atria or ventricles in response to AVP infusion. These results show that the pressure overload-induced activation of BNP gene expression differs between atrial and ventricular myocytes in the dTGR model of experimental hypertension.