␥-Secretase inhibitors (GSIs) reduce amyloid-␤ (A␤) peptides but inevitably increase the ␤-C-terminal fragment (␤-CTFSubchronic dosing with either GSI rather impaired normal cognition in 3-month-old Tg2576 mice, with no inhibition on the processing of other ␥-secretase substrates, such as Notch, N-cadherin, or EphA4, in the brain. LY450139 also impaired normal cognition in wild-type mice; however, the potency was 10-fold lower than that in Tg2576 mice, indicating an APP-dependent mechanism likely with ␤-CTF accumulation. Immunofluorescence studies revealed that the ␤-CTF accumulation was localized in the presynaptic terminals of the hippocampal stratum lucidum and dentate hilus, implying an effect on presynaptic function in the mossy fibers. In contrast, both acute and subchronic dosing with GSM-2 significantly ameliorated memory deficits in Tg2576 mice and did not affect normal cognition in wild-type mice. We demonstrated a clear difference between GSI and GSM in effects on functional consequences, providing new insights into strategies for developing these drugs against Alzheimer's disease.

The G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) family is highly diversified and involved in many forms of information processing. SREB2 (GPR85) is the most conserved GPCR throughout vertebrate evolution and is expressed abundantly in brain structures exhibiting high levels of plasticity, e.g., the hippocampal dentate gyrus. Here, we show that SREB2 is involved in determining brain size, modulating diverse behaviors, and potentially in vulnerability to schizophrenia. Mild overexpression of SREB2 caused significant brain weight reduction and ventricular enlargement in transgenic (Tg) mice as well as behavioral abnormalities mirroring psychiatric disorders, e.g., decreased social interaction, abnormal sensorimotor gating, and impaired memory. SREB2 KO mice showed a reciprocal phenotype, a significant increase in brain weight accompanying a trend toward enhanced memory without apparent other behavioral abnormalities. In both Tg and KO mice, no gross malformation of brain structures was observed. Because of phenotypic overlap between SREB2 Tg mice and schizophrenia, we sought a possible link between the two. Minor alleles of two SREB2 SNPs, located in intron 2 and in the 3 UTR, were overtransmitted to schizophrenia patients in a family-based sample and showed an allele load association with reduced hippocampal gray matter volume in patients. Our data implicate SREB2 as a potential risk factor for psychiatric disorders and its pathway as a target for psychiatric therapy.gene manipulation ͉ memory ͉ SNPs T he SREB (superconserved receptor expressed in brain) family of SREB1 (GPR27), SREB2 (GPR85), and SREB3 (GPR173) is a unique subfamily of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) selectively expressed in neurons (1-5). Intriguing features of the SREB family include its high degree of sequence conservation throughout vertebrate evolution and its abundant expression in brain structures showing high levels of plasticity, for example the hippocampal dentate gyrus. Among these three members, SREB2 is the most conserved-the primary amino acid sequence is 100% identical among humans, rats, and mice. SREB1 and SREB3 are also highly conserved in mammals. Despite the extraordinary conservation rate in vertebrates, SREB orthologues are not encoded in the genome sequence of Caenorhabditis elegans or Drosophila melanogaster (3).The history of drug discovery has proven that GPCRs are excellent therapeutic targets (6, 7). Although efforts have been made to identify endogenous ligand(s) for SREB, they have been unsuccessful (3). Recent progress in understanding of GPCR physiology has, however, enabled screening of drug candidates for promising GPCRs without knowledge of their endogenous ligands, e.g., screening compounds by using constitutively active mutants (8) or ligand-induced conformational change (9). Thus, if their physiological function is clarified, and their link to the pathophysiology of diseases is demonstrated, then newly discovered GPCRs, even orphan GPCRs like SREB2, become promising drug targets. The distinct features of SREB2, namel...

Central adenosine A 2A receptor is a promising target for drugs to treat Parkinson's disease (PD), and the central blockade of adenosine A 1 receptor improves cognitive function. In the present study, we investigated the effect of a novel adenosine A 1 and A 2A dual antagonist, 5-[5-amino-3-(4-fluorophenyl) pyrazin-2-yl]-1-isopropylpyridine-2(1H)-one (ASP5854), in animal models of PD and cognition. The binding affinities of ASP5854 for human A 1 and A 2A receptors were 9.03 and 1.76 nM, respectively, with higher specificity and no species differences. ASP5854 also showed antagonistic action on A 1 and A 2A agonist-induced increases of intracellular Ca 2ϩ concentration. ASP5854 ameliorated A 2A agonist 2-[p-(2-carboxyethyl) phenethylamino]-5Ј-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine (CGS21680)-and haloperidol-induced catalepsy in mice, with the minimum effective doses of 0.32 and 0.1 mg/kg, respectively, and it also improved haloperidol-induced catalepsy in rats at doses higher than 0.1 mg/kg. In unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned rats, ASP5854 significantly potentiated l-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA)-induced rotational behavior at doses higher than 0.032 mg/kg. ASP5854 also significantly restored the striatal dopamine content reduced by 1-metyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine treatment in mice at doses higher than 0.1 mg/ kg. Furthermore, in the rat passive avoidance test, ASP5854 significantly reversed the scopolamine-induced memory deficits, whereas the specific adenosine A 2A antagonist 8-((E)-2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethenyl)-1,3-diethyl-7-methyl-3,7-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6-dione (KW-6002; istradefylline) did not. Scopolamine-or 5H-dibenzo [a,d]cyclohepten-5,10-imine (dizocilpine maleate) (MK-801)-induced impairment of spontaneous alternation in the mouse Y-maze test was ameliorated by ASP5854, whereas KW-6002 did not exert improvement at therapeutically relevant dosages. These results demonstrate that the novel, selective, and orally active dual adenosine A 1 and A 2A receptors antagonist ASP5854 improves motor impairments, is neuroprotective via A 2A antagonism, and also enhances cognitive function through A 1 antagonism.Adenosine is a ubiquitous neuromodulator in the central nervous system. Its major role in the central nervous system is to modulate neurotransmitter release, the postsynaptic components, and also the nonsynaptic components such as glial cell signaling. Adenosine exerts these diverse physiological actions through activation of specific G protein-coupled receptors termed A 1 , A 2A , A 2B , and A 3 (Fredholm et al., 1994).Adenosine A 2A receptors are specifically localized in the striatum (Svenningsson et al., 1999), where they are coexpressed with dopamine D 2 receptors in the GABAergic striaArticle, publication date, and citation information can be found at http://jpet.aspetjournals.org. doi:10.1124/jpet.107.121962. ABBREVIATIONS:CGS21680, 2-[p-(2-carboxyethyl)phenethylamino]-5Ј-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine; NECA, N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine; KW-6002, 7-methyl-3,7-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6-dion...

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We recently identified ASP5736, (N-(diaminomethylene)-1-(3,5-difluoropyridin-4-yl)-4-fluoroisoquinoline-7-carboxamide (2E)-but-2-enedioate), a novel antagonist of 5-HT5A receptor, and here describe the in vitro and in vivo characterization of this compound. ASP5736 exhibited a high affinity for the human 5-HT5A receptor (Ki = 3.6 ± 0.66 nM) and antagonized 5-carboxamidotryptamine (5-CT)-induced Ca(2+) influx in human cells stably expressing the 5-HT5A receptor with approximately 200-fold selectivity over other receptors, including other 5-HT receptor subtypes, enzymes, and channels except human 5-HT2c receptor (Ki = 286.8 nM) and 5-HT7 receptor (Ki = 122.9 nM). Further, ASP5736 dose-dependently antagonized the 5-CT-induced decrease in cAMP levels in HEK293 cells stably expressing the 5-HT5A receptor. We then evaluated the effects of ASP5736 on cognitive impairments in several animal models of schizophrenia. Working memory deficit in MK-801-treated mice and visual learning deficit in neonatally phencyclidine (PCP)-treated mice were both ameliorated by ASP5736. In addition, ASP5736 also attenuated MK-801- and methamphetamine (MAP)-induced hyperactivity in mice without causing sedation, catalepsy, or plasma prolactin increase. The addition of olanzapine did not affect ASP5736-induced cognitive enhancement, and neither the sedative nor cataleptogenic effects of olanzapine were worsened by ASP5736. These results collectively suggest that ASP5736 is a novel and potent 5-HT5A receptor antagonist that not only ameliorates positive-like symptoms but also cognitive impairments in animal models of schizophrenia, without adverse effects. Present studies also indicate that ASP5736 holds potential to satisfy currently unmet medical needs for the treatment of schizophrenia by either mono-therapy or co-administered with commercially available antipsychotics.