Cytokinesis in many eukaryotes involves the contraction of an actomyosin-based contractile ring. However, the detailed mechanism of contractile ring contraction is not fully understood. Here, we establish an experimental system to study contraction of the ring to completion in vitro. We show that the contractile ring of permeabilized fission yeast cells undergoes rapid contraction in an ATP- and myosin-II-dependent manner in the absence of other cytoplasmic constituents. Surprisingly, neither actin polymerization nor its disassembly is required for contraction of the contractile ring, although addition of exogenous actin-crosslinking proteins blocks ring contraction. Using contractile rings generated from fission yeast cytokinesis mutants, we show that not all proteins required for assembly of the ring are required for its contraction in vitro. Our work provides the beginnings of the definition of a minimal contraction-competent cytokinetic ring apparatus.

SummaryIn Saccharomyces cerevisiae, three classes of sphingolipids contain myo-inositol -inositol phosphorylceramide (IPC), mannosylinositol phosphorylceramide (MIPC) and mannosyldiinositol phosphorylceramide [M(IP) 2 C]. No fission yeast equivalent of Ipt1p, the inositolphosphotransferase that synthesizes M(IP) 2 C from MIPC, has been found in the Schizosaccharomyces pombe genome. Analysis of the sphingolipid composition of wild-type cells confirmed that MIPC is the terminal and most abundant complex sphingolipid in S. pombe. Three proteins (Sur1p, Csg2p and Csh1p) have been shown to be involved in the synthesis of MIPC from IPC in S. cerevisiae. The S. pombe genome has three genes (SPAC2F3.01, SPCC4F11.04c and SPAC17G8.11c) that are homologues of SUR1, termed imt1 + , imt2 + and imt3 + , respectively. To determine whether these genes function in MIPC synthesis in S. pombe, single and multiple gene disruptants were constructed. Single imt disruptants were found to be viable. MIPC was not detected and IPC levels were increased in the triple disruptant, indicating that the three SUR1 homologues are involved in the synthesis of MIPC. GFP-tagged Imt1p, Imt2p and Imt3p localized to Golgi apparatus membranes. The MIPC-deficient mutant exhibited pleiotropic phenotypes, including defects in cellular and vacuolar morphology, and in localization of ergosterols. MIPC seemed to be required for endocytosis of a plasmamembrane-localized amino acid transporter, because sorting of the transporter from the plasma membrane to the vacuole was severely impaired in the MIPC-deficient mutant grown under nitrogen-limiting conditions. These results suggest that MIPC has multiple functions not only in the maintenance of cell and vacuole morphology but also in vesicular trafficking in fission yeast.

SummaryRheb GTPase and the Tsc1-Tsc2 protein complex, which serves as a GTPase-activating protein for Rheb, have crucial roles in the regulation of cell growth in response to extracellular conditions. In Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Rheb and Tsc1-Tsc2 regulate cell cycle progression, the onset of meiosis and the uptake of amino acids. In cells lacking Tsc2 (Dtsc2), the amino acid transporter Aat1, which is normally expressed on the plasma membrane under starvation conditions, is confined to the Golgi. Here, we show that the loss of either pub1 + , encoding an E3 ubiquitin ligase, or any1 + , encoding a b-arrestin-like protein, allows constitutive expression of Aat1 on the plasma membrane in Dtsc2 cells, suggesting that Pub1 and Any1 are required for localization of Aat1 to the Golgi. Subsequent analysis revealed that, in the Golgi, Pub1 and Any1 form a complex that ubiquitylates Aat1. Physical interaction of Pub1 and Any1 is more stable in Dtsc2 cells than in wild-type cells and is independent of Tor2 activity. These results indicate that the TSC-Rheb signaling pathway regulates the localization of amino acid transporters via Pub1 and Any1 in a Tor2-independent manner. Our study demonstrates that, unlike in budding yeast (in which Rsp5 and ARTs, a pair of proteins analogous to Pub1 and Any1, respectively, primarily act to reduce expression of the transporters on plasma membrane when nutrients are abundant), the primary role of fission yeast Pub1 and Any1 is to store the transporter in the Golgi under nutrient-rich conditions.

Sporulation in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe is a unique biological process in that the plasma membrane of daughter cells is assembled de novo within the mother cell cytoplasm. A double unit membrane called the forespore membrane (FSM) is constructed dynamically during meiosis. To obtain a dynamic view of FSM formation, we visualized FSM in living cells by using green fluorescent protein fused with Psy1, an FSM-resident protein, together with the nucleus or microtubules. The assembly of FSM initiates in prophase II, and four FSMs in a cell expand in a synchronous manner at the same rate throughout meiosis II. After the meiosis II completes, FSMs continue to expand until closure to form the prespore, a spore precursor. Prespores are initially ellipsoidal, and eventually become spheres. FSM formation was also observed in the sporulation-deficient mutants spo3, spo14, and spo15. In the spo15 mutant, the initiation of FSM formation was completely blocked. In the spo3 mutant, the FSM expanded normally during early meiosis II, but it was severely inhibited during late and postmeiosis, whereas in the spo14 mutant, membrane expansion was more severely inhibited throughout meiosis II. These observations suggest that FSM expansion is composed of two steps, early meiotic FSM expansion and late and post meiotic FSM expansion. Possible regulatory mechanisms of FSM formation in fission yeast are discussed.

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