These null results were then presented in Eisenberger and Cameron's (1996) Figure 1, contributing to the illusion of a "normal distribution" of effect sizes, and were later entered into the analyses underlying Figure 2, diluting the mean effect sizes reported there. Note that had the identical six comparisons of reward versus no-reward conditions come from six separate experiments rather than from three factorial experiments, their contributions to Figure 1, and their effects on later analyses, would have been very different.Because the use of such procedures is sometimes justified simply as the result of a particular interest in "main effect" conclusions, it may be informative to consider the application of an analogous procedure to a literature in which one might care deeply about the results. Imagine, for example, a review of the literature on the side effects of a new drug, in which (a) only a small number of studies permitted separate evaluations of the effects of the drug under different conditions (e.g., with men vs. women or with large doses vs. small doses), but in which (b) all of those studies had found significant positive effects under one condition and significant negative effects under another condition (e.g., increases in strokes for men but decreases in strokes for women, or vice versa). Readers can decide for themselves how much theoretical value or practical significance they would attach to the conclusions of a review that reported these studies as having tested and as having shown nothing more than an "overall" lack of difference between drug and placebo conditions.These examples are not an isolated case--far from it. Three quarters of the studies included in Cameron and Pierce's (I 994) review involved effect-size estimates obtained only after averaging across conditions designed to yield differential results. In dozens of additional cases, for example, statistically significant effects within experimental groups were averaged with null effects obtained within relevant control groups.Moreover, even after the inclusion of these many small effect-size estimates, created by averaging across theoretically and empirically distinct conditions, Eisenberger and Cameron's (1996) own analyses revealed that their procedure remained inappropriate. For instance, Q statistics, directly testing whether the effect-size estimates within the different reward categories displayed in Figure 2 came from homogenous populations that would justify statistical analyses, revealed that nearly 90% of reported categories involved significantly heterogeneous populations. Even after a principled procedure for eliminating "outliers" was applied, over 60% of these tests for heterogeneity remained significant. Eventually, Cameron and Pierce
<p class="1Abstract"><span lang="EN-US">Non Ban Jak is a large, moated site located in the upper Mun Valley, Northeast Thailand. Excavations over three seasons in 2011-4 have revealed a sequence of occupation that covers the final stage of the local Iron Age. The site is enclosed by two broad moats and banks, and comprises an eastern and a western mound separated by a lower intervening area. The first season opened an 8 by 8 m square on the eastern mound, while the second and third seasons uncovered part of the low terrain rising into the western mound, encompassing an area of 25 by 10 m. The former revealed a sequence of industrial, residential and mortuary activity that involved the construction of houses, kiln firing of ceramic vessels and the interment of the dead within residences. The latter involved four phases of a late Iron Age cemetery, which again incorporated house floors and wall foundations, as well as further evidence for ceramic manufacture. The excavation sheds light on a late Iron Age town occupied at the threshold of state formation.</span></p>
The marine subsistence economy of the prehistoric people of northern Chile was heavily reliant on fiber technology for the components of nets, lines, and tethers. Despite the significance and the remarkable preservation of fiber artifacts along the arid Atacama coastline, these components have received little direct attention. This case study of fiber artifacts from the Caleta Vitor archaeological complex is the first broad overview of techniques, material usage/preference, and fiber-processing conventions at a northern Chilean Archaic period site. The data presented in this paper indicate gradual change in material preferences over time, shifting from locally available vegetal fiber, which dominates the Archaic period, with small amounts of camelid fiber, to the predominance of camelid fiber in the Late Formative period. This change coincides with the appearance of more complex weaving techniques indicating participation in the previously established textile tradition proposed by Ulloa (2008) as stretching from the Azapa Valley to the Loa River.
This paper describes two nautical discoveries buried c .2000 years ago in the Red River alluvial plain, northern Vietnam. One is part of a logboat with a series of empty mortise and locking-peg holes for plank attachment using loose rectangular tenons. The other, from an infant mortuary house, is a series of re-used 4-m-long timbers with exactly the same locked mortiseand-tenon technology. Both finds are interpreted as having belonged to river-boats like those shown on the sides of Heger 1 (Dong Son) bronze drums. Potentially-related technologies from the Mediterranean and China are also discussed.
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