Aim To investigate the utility of calcaneal quantitative ultrasound compared with bone densitometry (DXA) in predicting incident low-trauma fracture in type 2 diabetes. Methods This retrospective cohort study included a subset of participants in the Dubbo Osteoporosis Epidemiology Study who had concurrent calcaneal quantitative ultrasound and DXA measurement, comprising 809 people without type 2 diabetes and 96 with type 2 diabetes. Fracture data had been collected prospectively. Cox proportional hazard models and receiver operating curves (ROC) were used to compare calcaneal quantitative ultrasound and DXA parameters as predictors for any low-trauma fracture. Results The median age of participants was 71 years (IQR 68-76, 50% men) for those without type 2 diabetes and 70 years (IQR 68-76, 55% men) for those with type 2 diabetes. There was no difference in low-trauma fracture incidence between groups when stratified by sex. In those without type 2 diabetes, the hazard ratio for fracture per 1 SD decrease in broadband ultrasound attenuation and femoral neck bone mineral density (BMD) was 1.47 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.26-1.71] and 1.39 (95% CI 1.17-1.64), respectively. The corresponding figures in type 2 diabetes were 1.81 (95% CI 1.03-3.19) for broadband ultrasound attenuation and 2.55 (95% CI 1.28-5.08) for femoral neck BMD. Conclusion Broadband ultrasound attenuation is comparable with femoral neck BMD as a predictor for low trauma incident fracture in type 2 diabetes. Calcaneal quantitative ultrasound offers several advantages over DXA and should be considered in further studies of bone health screening or in clinical practice where DXA is unavailable.
Weight loss drugs have been developed to reduce the comorbidities associated with excess weight. We conducted a meta-analysis of the efficacy of orlistat and sibutramine on weight, body mass index, waist circumference and cardiovascular risk factors in overweight adolescents. MEDLINE and the Cochrane Library were searched for relevant articles using MESH terms and keywords. Studies were included if they had reported quantitative estimates and standard deviations of the association between each weight loss drug and weight, with information on at least one cardiovascular risk factor. A total of eight trials (three orlistat and five sibutramine) with information on 1391 individuals was included in the present analysis. The mean decrease in weight between the intervention and control groups was 5.25 kg (95% confidence interval: 3.03-7.48) after a minimum follow-up of 6 months. There was evidence of statistical heterogeneity between the studies (I(2) = 76%) that was no longer apparent after exclusion of trials of orlistat (mean weight decrease = 5.32 kg; I(2) = 38%). There was little evidence that treatment was associated with adverse effects on cardiovascular risk factors but this requires verification from future large trials with longer study follow-up.
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