In this study, a 3D computational fluid dynamics (CFD) study was conducted in ANSYS (FLUENT) to examine the thermal performance of an automotive radiator using conventional and hybrid coolant with a Al2O3 nanoparticles (NPs) . A hybrid mixture of pure water H2Oand ethylene glycol (EG) in the volumetric proportion of , was coupled with Al2O3 nanoparticles with volume fraction of 1% - 4% at different inlet temperatures. The Reynolds number was varied from 4 000 to 8 000. From the numerical results obtained, it was found that an increase in nanoparticle volume fraction led to an increase in heat transfer rate and pressure drop in the automotive radiator. Also, it was found that at a Reynolds number of 8 000, using the hybrid mixture as a base fluid increased the Nusselt number by 55.6% in contrast to pure water. However, further suspension of 4% Vol. Al2O3 nanoparticles into existing hybrid mixture increased the Nusselt number by 70%. Furthermore, it was found that an increase in the inlet temperature of the radiator caused more enhancement in the heat transfer rate. For Re=8 000 4% vol. Al2O3-water nanofluid, the heat transfer rate was enhanced by 54.57% when increasing the inlet temperature from 60oC to 90oC. Therefore, it is recommended that automobile radiators be operated at a high inlet temperature with nanofluid containing a very high concentration of suitable nanoparticles and an anti-freezing agent in an adequate volumetric proportion to achieve better thermal performance.
Computational fluid dynamics was applied in the prediction of the effect of inlet temperature on the drying time of fish in a cabinet rotary dryer. On completion of the simulation, the temperature distribution of the air (fluid domain) within the drier at different inlet air temperatures and time intervals was obtained. Inlet air temperatures ranging from 35oC to 55oC was simulated for a time interval of 10 minutes to 120 minutes so as to examine the influence of inlet temperature on the drying process of fish. Based on this temperature range, it was observed that the ideal drying time for the fish which satisfies the condition for efficient fish drying for all five inlet air temperatures of the fish is 70 minutes. Furthermore, it can be observed that it takes about 120 minutes for the inlet air temperature of 50 degrees Celsius to attain a cabinet drying temperature of 316K (43°C) while it takes only 70 minutes for the inlet air temperature of 55 degrees Celsius to attain the same temperature under the same condition.
Drilling mud is a mixture of water and clay, weighing materials and few chemicals which is called additives to stabilize the wellbore pressure. Drilling fluids, affects drilling operations. The cost of drilling fluid has been a major issue during operation and the effect of salinity on the additives has also resulted into investigation of determine if other additives can be used as a substitute to the predominant used ones. To that effect, this work was focused to determine the effect of salinity on the rheological properties of mud type prepared with Carboxyl-methyl cellulose (CMC) and polyanionic cellulose-regular (PAC-R). From this study, salinity effect shows that as the salinity of drilling mud are increased, the effectiveness of the polymer decreases. This has a negative effect on the rheological properties of drilling mud. Plastic viscosity decreases with increasing temperature and yield point increases with increasing temperature. Also, the thixotropic property (gel strength) of both PAC-R and CMC muds increases with temperature but decreases on the introduction of salt. It can also be deduced that the ability to suspend cuttings for both KCl and CMC mud are unique.
High performance water-based mud, a drilling fluid type used for deepwater drilling is posed with similar challenges faced by the aqueous water-based mud used for onshore drilling. These challenges emanate due to high temperature condition encountered in deepwater formations. The challenges include decrease in density, viscosity and other rheological properties of the drilling mud under high temperature condition which can lead to failure to meet drilling objectives. An experimental investigation was carried out on the high-performance water-based mud designed for drilling in the Niger delta region where clay type kaolinite is predominant. Four mud samples were formulated by varying the concentration of Sodium Chloride (NaCl) ranging from 3%, 5%, 7%, and 9% and increasing the temperature from surface condition to 140°F. The properties of the high-performance water-based mud was observed at different salinity concentration. The study shows that the density and viscosity tend to increase with increasing temperature where the mud has high salinity concentration of 7% to 9%. Other rheological properties of the high-performance water-based mud increases at increasing temperature but decreases above 118°F except for the 9% NaCl sample which increases with an increasing temperature. The conclusion drawn from this experimental study is that the increase in NaCl concentration increases the density, viscosity and other rheological properties of the high-performance water-based mud when drilling through deep-water formations under high temperature condition. This has provided solution to the deep-water drilling changes.
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