RESUMEN. La industria de la acuariofilia es un mercado que se encuentra en expansión. Aun cuando no existe información exacta respecto a cifras y valores del comercio internacional, se calcula que esta industria genera ganancias sobre US$ 300 millones con una tasa de crecimiento anual del 14%. De esta cifra, aproximadamente US$ 28 a 44 millones corresponden a peces ornamentales de origen marino. No obstante, una de las controversias que ha generado el comercio de especies marinas es que casi la totalidad de los organismos son capturados del medio natural, y en muchos casos de manera ilegal. En este trabajo se realiza una revisión que incluye: historia de la acuariofilia, principales especies ornamentales de importancia comercial, comercio internacional, riesgos del comercio de especies marinas, estrategias de conservación y situación actual en México. En este último tema, se abordan aspectos que describen el desarrollo y perspectivas del mercado de la acuariofilia marina y algunas iniciativas de instituciones académicas y privadas dirigidas al desarrollo de la acuicultura sostenible de especies marinas de ornato de importancia comercial en el país. Palabras clave: recursos marinos ornamentales, comercio internacional, acuariofilia marina, acuicultura sustentable, México. Ornamental marine fishkeeping: a trade of challenges and opportunitiesABSTRACT. The aquariums industry is a trade that is expanding. Although there is no accurate information regarding the figures of the aquarium industry in the international scenario, it is estimated to generate revenues over US$ 300 million with an annual growth rate of 14%. Approximately US$ 28 to 44 million of this amount is generated by the ornamental marine fish trade. However, the trade in marine species has aroused controversy regarding the extraction of almost all traded marine organisms from wild populations and, in many cases, illegally. This paper presents a review that includes: the ornamental marine fishkeeping history, the species of commercial importance, the international trade scenario, risks of the aquarium industry, conservation strategies, and the current situation of this trade in Mexico. The last section focuses on describing the development and market prospects of the marine aquarium trade. Additionally, some initiatives from academic and private institutions aimed at developing sustainable aquaculture on ornamental marine fish species of commercial importance in Mexico are provided. Keywords: ornamental marine resources, international trade, marine fishkeeping, sustainable aquaculture, Mexico. ___________________Corresponding author: Galdy Hernández Zárate (galdyhz@gmail.com) INTRODUCCIÓNLa acuariofilia marina se ha convertido en un pasatiempo popular y de gran expansión a nivel mundial. Los avances en la crianza de organismos marinos (vertebrados e invertebrados) en cautiverio bajo condiciones controladas, así como el desarrollo de tecnologías para acuarios han facilitado la afición
Constructed ammonium oxidizing biofilms (CAOB) and constructed nitrite oxidizing biofilms (CNOB) were characterized during the bioremediation of a wastewater effluent. The maximum ammonium removal rate and removal efficiency in CAOB was 322 mg N-NH4+ m(-3) d(-1) and 96%, respectively, while in CNOB a maximum removal rate of 255 mg N-NH4+ m(-3) d(-1) and a removal efficiency of 76% was achieved. Both constructed biofilms on low-density polyester Dacron support achieved removal efficiencies higher than that of the concentrations normally present in reactors without constructed biofilms (P < 0.05). Nitrifying bacteria from the constructed biofilms cultures were typed by sequencing 16S rRNA genes that had been amplified by PCR from genomic DNA. Analysis of enrichment biofilms has therefore provided evidence of high removal of ammonium and the presence of Nitrosomonas eutropha, N. halophila and N. europaea in CAOB, while in CNOB Nitrobacter hamburgensis, N. winogradskyi and N. alkalicus were identified according to 16S rRNA gene sequences comparison. The biofilm reactors were nitrifying over the whole experimental period (15 days), showing a definite advantage of constructed biofilms for enhancing a high biomass concentration as evidenced by environmental electron microscopic analysis (ESEM). Our research demonstrates that low-density polyester Dacron can be effectively used for the construction of nitrifying biofilms obtaining high removal efficiencies of nitrogen in a relatively short time from municipal effluents from wastewater treatment plants. CAOB and CNOB are potentially promissory for the treatment of industrial wastewaters that otherwise requires very large and expensive reactors for efficient bioremediation of effluents.
A novel alternative for wastewater effluent bioremediation was developed using constructed microbial mats on low-density polyester. This biotechnology showed high removal efficiencies for nitrogen and phosphorous in a short retention time (48 h): 94% for orthophosphate (7.78 g PO(3-)(4) - P m(3) d(-1)), 79% for ammonium (11.30 g NH(4)(+) - N m(-3) d(-1)), 78% for nitrite (7.46 g NO(2)(-) m(-3) d(-1)), and 83% for nitrate (8.55 g NO(3)(-) N m(-3) d(-1)). The microbial mats were dominated by Cyanobacteria genera such as Chroococcus sp., Lyngbya sp., and bacteria of the subclass Proteobacteria representative of the Eubacteria Domain. Nitzschia sp. was the dominant Eukaryote Domain. Various N and P substrates in the wastewater permit the growth of self-forming and self-sustaining bacterial, microalgal, and cyanobacterial communities on a polyester support. The result is the continuous, self-sufficient growth of microbial mats. This is an innovative, economical, and environmentally safe alternative for the treatment of wastewater effluents in coastal marine environments.
Biorremediación de los efluentes de cultivo del camaróndemostraron que los TaM redujeron los niveles de nitrógeno amoniacal por encima del 71% diariamente; la demanda bioquímica de oxígeno (DBO 5 ) se redujo más de 68% y los sólidos suspendidos (SST) hasta en 62% al compararse con los sistemas control (p < 0,05). Los TaM secuestran la materia orgánica y mineral y ejercen un efecto clarificador en la columna de agua. La descomposición de la materia orgánica se debe al acoplamiento estrecho entre fotoautótrofos y nitrificantes contenidos en los TaM. Esta condición aumenta los niveles de nitrógeno inorgánico en la columna de agua y acelera la nitrificación por arriba de 10 mg N-NO 3 -L -1 (120 ind m -2 ), con lo cual se produce un aumento de hasta 750% más nitratos que los sistemas control. La remoción del fósforo no fue significativa (p > 0,05). El agua bio-remediada tiene un efecto positivo en el cultivo de Litopenaeus vannamei, y promueve el crecimiento y sobrevivencia en presencia de TaM en el SR. Palabras clave: tapetes microbianos, efluentes de camarón, sistemas de recirculación, Litopenaeus vannamei, México. Bioremediation of effluents of the culture of Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone, 1931) using microbial mats in a recirculating systemABSTRACT. We developed a recirculating system integrating shrimp culture with microbial mats aiming to mitigate the environmental impacts of by-products from shrimp culture and to advance toward the bioremediation of the shrimp culture water. The microbial consortia collected from natural environments (TaM) was constituted by bacteria (55.6%), Cyanophyte (18.4%), diatoms (9%), nematods (5.6%) and Chlorophyte algae (1.4%) among the major taxonomic groups. The removal of nutrients and solids by these mats was assessed in a recirculating system (2 cycles/hour) (n = 3) containing 60 and 120 ind m -2 of Litopenaeus vannamei. Results showed that the microbial mat reduces daily up to 71% of ammonia nitrogen, decreases around 68% of the biochemical oxygen demand (DBO 5 ) and up to 62% of suspended solids (SST) when comparing to the control systems (p < 0.05). By trapping organic and mineral matter, microbial mats have a clarifying effect on the water column. The mats effectively traps particulate matter and break it down with great efficiency due to the tight coupling between autotrophs and nitrifyers in the mat. This feature increases inorganic nitrogen levels in water column and accelerates nitrification up to 10 mg N-NO 3 -L -1 (120 ind m -2 ) producing 750% more nitrates than the control systems. Nevertheless, phosphorus removal was not significant (p > 0.05). The Bioremediated culture water had a positive effect on the culture of Litopenaeus
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