Persons who do not possess absolute pitch (AP) often display latent AP-the ability to produce or recognize the pitch level of familiar songs without reference to specific labels-and also use relative pitch (RP) memory to encode and identify familiar melodies. Three experiments investigated the interaction of latent AP and RP memory in listening and production tasks, using ordered lists of songs. In Experiment 1, participants listened to excerpts from pairs of songs in the list, which were either at their original pitch or transposed 1 semitone, and identified whether the second song in the pair was at its original pitch level. Experiment 2, a follow-up study, used a refined methodology and transposition levels up to 3 semitones. In Experiment 3, after hearing the end of one song-either at its original pitch level or transposed 1 semitone-participants were asked to sing the next song in the list. The results showed that participants used both latent AP and RP cues in listening and production tasks: RP memory reinforced latent AP when songs were played at their original pitch level, leading to higher levels of accuracy. When songs were transposed, with RP cues maintained, accuracy decreased in pitch-level identification and singing at the original pitch level. Also, in Experiment 2, the identification of pitch levels was more accurate for consecutive songs on the list-which retained RP cues-instead of nonconsecutive songs, and with a transposition of 3 semitones instead of 1 semitone.
Background
Physical therapy for neck and low back pain is highly variable despite the availability of clinical practice guidelines (CPG). This review aimed to determine the impact of CPG implementation on patient-level outcomes for spinal pain. Implementation strategies were also examined to determine prevalence and potential impact.
Methods
Multiple databases were searched through April 2021 for studies assessing CPG implementation in physical therapy for neck and low back pain. Articles were screened for eligibility. The Modified Downs and Black checklist was utilized to determine study quality. Due to the heterogeneity between studies, a meta-analysis was not performed.
Results
Twenty-one studies were included in this review. Implementation strategies were significantly varied between studies. Outcomes pertaining to healthcare utilization, pain, and physical functioning were assessed in relation to the implementation of CPGs. Multiple implementation strategies were identified, with Managing Quality as the most frequently utilized key implementation process. Findings indicate CPG implementation decreased healthcare utilization, but inconsistent results were found with physical functioning and pain outcomes.
Conclusions
CPG implementation appears to have a beneficial effect on healthcare utilization outcomes, but may not impact pain and physical functioning outcomes. Effective CPG implementation strategies remain unknown, though utilizing implementation framework may improve outcomes. More research is needed to determine the most effective implementation strategies and effects on pain and physical function outcomes.
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