In this study, we aimed to investigate the meat quality characteristics, bioactive compound content, and antioxidant activity during refrigerated storage of breast meat of Arbor Acres broilers (carcass weight: 1.1 kg, raised for 35 D) obtained from a conventional farm ( BCF , n = 30) and an animal welfare farm ( BAF , n = 30) in Korea. The BCF and BAF did not differ in their proximate composition, color, water-holding capacity, creatine, creatinine, and carnosine contents. However, the shear force value was significantly higher in BAF than in BCF ( P < 0.05). The 2-thiobarbituric acid reactive substance ( TBARS ) levels in BCF on days 7 and 9 were significantly higher than those in BAF ( P < 0.001). During storage, the total volatile basic nitrogen ( VBN ) content of BAF was significantly lower, except on day 1. The fatty acid composition of samples was not affected by the storage period, however, saturated fatty acid and unsaturated fatty acid contents did differ among the types of farm systems ( P < 0.05). Although the creatine, creatinine, and carnosine contents in BAF and BCF did not differ significantly, the carnosine and creatinine contents decreased with the increase in storage period ( P < 0.05). The anserine content of BAF was significantly higher than that of BCF throughout storage. Superoxide dismutase activity was not affected by the type of farm system but was affected by storage period. Overall, BAF showed lower pH, microorganism, TBARS, and VBN values, and higher anserine contents than BCF. These findings can serve as reference data for the evaluation of chicken meat quality of broilers raised in animal welfare farm and conventional farm.
We investigate the hidden Berry curvature in bulk 2H-WSe2 by utilizing the surface sensitivity of angle resolved photoemission (ARPES). The symmetry in the electronic structure of transition metal dichalcogenides is used to uniquely determine the local orbital angular momentum (OAM) contribution to the circular dichroism (CD) in ARPES. The extracted CD signals for the K and K valleys are almost identical but their signs, which should be determined by the valley index, are opposite. In addition, the sign is found to be the same for the two spin-split bands, indicating that it is independent of spin state. These observed CD behaviors are what are expected from Berry curvature of a monolayer of WSe2. In order to see if CD-ARPES is indeed representative of hidden Berry curvature within a layer, we use tight binding analysis as well as density functional calculation to calculate the Berry curvature and local OAM of a monolayer WSe2. We find that measured CD-ARPES is approximately proportional to the calculated Berry curvature as well as local OAM, further supporting our interpretation. PACS numbers: 79.60.-i, 74.20.Pq, 73.20.-rThe broken inversion symmetry in a monolayer (ML) of transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) 2H-MX 2 , together with strong spin-orbit coupling (SOC), results in inequivalent valleys with spin splitting at K and K in the Brillouin zone (BZ) [1][2][3][4]. These inequivalent valleys at K and K lead to the valley Hall effect which, unlike the ordinary Hall effect, produces not only charge but also spin imbalance at the edges [1,2,[5][6][7][8]. The valley Hall effect has been understood in terms of the Berry curvature [2,[9][10][11][12]16]; the symmetries in 1ML 2H-MX 2 causes sign change in the Berry curvature as one goes from one valley (K) to an inequivalent valley (K ) in the BZ [2,5,13,14,16,17]. This allows us to understand the valley Hall effect in terms of pseudo-spins, and provides possibilities to control the pseudo-spins by an external field [2,[18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26].On the other hand, the Berry curvature is expected to vanish in the bulk (so does the valley Hall effect) because the bulk TMDCs have an inversion symmetry [5,24]. However, one can imagine that the valley Hall in each layer could be non-vanishing -only the sum vanishes. This may naturally introduce the concept of "hidden Berry curvature", a non-vanishing Berry curvature localized in each layer. An analogous case can be found in the case of the hidden spin polarization proposed and mea-sured recently [3,5,[27][28][29][30]. Existence of hidden Berry curvature implies that the topology could be determined by local field; the local symmetry determines the physics [28,31,32]. While experimental verification of hidden Berry phase in the Bloch state is highly desired, standard measurements such as quantum oscillation [33][34][35] cannot reveal hidden Berry phase because these measurements represent an averaged quantity, with hidden quantity invisible.However, if we use a external field [25] or surface sensitive techni...
In spectroscopic experiments, data acquisition in multi-dimensional phase space may require long acquisition time, owing to the large phase space volume to be covered. In such a case, the limited time available for data acquisition can be a serious constraint for experiments in which multidimensional spectral data are acquired. Here, taking angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) as an example, we demonstrate a denoising method that utilizes deep learning as an intelligent way to overcome the constraint. With readily available ARPES data and random generation of training datasets, we successfully trained the denoising neural network without overfitting. The denoising neural network can remove the noise in the data while preserving its intrinsic information. We show that the denoising neural network allows us to perform a similar level of second-derivative and line shape analysis on data taken with two orders of magnitude less acquisition time. The importance of our method lies in its applicability to any multidimensional spectral data that are susceptible to statistical noise.
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