Both in vivo and in vitro, glycolic acid treatment increased the production of collagen and fibroblast proliferation. These effects may be the mechanism by which glycolic acid reverses the process of photoaging.

Object Cerebrospinal fluid typically enters the subarachnoid space from the ventricles via the fourth ventricular foramina. However, there is clinical evidence that CSF also flows in the opposite direction. Ventricular reflux of CSF from a cistern is a well-known phenomenon in radioisotope studies in patients with normal-pressure hydrocephalus. Additionally, the presence of ventricular blood in acute subarachnoid hemorrhage is frequently observed. The goal of this investigation was to examine the potential CSF pathways from cisterns to ventricles. The authors examined pathways in rat models in which they occluded the fourth ventricular outlets and injected a tracer into the subarachnoid space. Methods The model for acute obstructive hydrocephalus was induced using N-butyl cyanoacrylate (NBCA) in 10 Sprague-Dawley rats. After 3 days, cationized ferritin was infused into the lumbar subarachnoid space to highlight retrograde CSF flow pathways. The animals were sacrificed at 48 hours, and the brains were prepared. The CSF flow pathway was traced by staining the ferritin with ferrocyanide. Results Ferritin was observed in the third ventricle in 7 of 8 rats with hydrocephalus and in the temporal horn of the lateral ventricles in 4 of 8 rats with hydrocephalus. There was no definite staining in the aqueduct, which suggests that the ventricular reflux originated from routes other than through the fourth ventricular outlets. Conclusions The interfaces between the quadrigeminal cistern and third ventricle and those between the ambient cistern and lateral ventricle appear to be potential sites of CSF reflux from cisterns to ventricles in obstructive hydrocephalus.

-The objective of this study was to determine the biological activities of Sorglum bicolor extracts. Organic fractions, including n-Hexane, EtOAc, and n-BuOH fractions were obtained from the methanol extract of Sorglum bicolor M.. In DPPH radical scavenging activity, SC50 values of methanol extract and EtOAc fraction were exhibited 0.66±0.26 μ g/mL and 1.03±0.02 μg/mL, respectively. Contents of total polyphenol and flavonoids in EtOAc fraction, which were much higher than those of other fractions, were 58.12 mg/g and 4.79 mg/g respectively. Also, effects of reducing power was strongly showed in EtOAc fraction. α-Glucosidase and α-amlyase inhibition activities were showed the higher effect in D.W. fraction (2.83 μg/mL, 36.64 μg/mL). In MTT assay in the AGS, HT29 and HCT116 cell lines were significantly higher in the n-BuOH fraction than in the other fractions at 50 μg/mL concentration of extracts.

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