Identification of specific genotypes can be accomplished by visual recognition of their distinct phenotypical appearance, as well as DNA analysis. Visual identification (ID) of species is subjective and usually requires substantial taxonomic expertise. Genotyping and sequencing are destructive, timeand labor-consuming. In this study, we investigate the potential use of Raman spectroscopy (RS) as a label-free, non-invasive and non-destructive analytical technique for the fast and accurate identification of peanut genotypes. We show that chemometric analysis of peanut leaflet spectra provides accurate identification of different varieties. This same analysis can be used for prediction of nematode resistance and oleic-linoleic oil (O/L) ratio. Raman-based analysis of seeds provides accurate genotype identification in 95% of samples. Additionally, we present data on the identification of carbohydrates, proteins, fiber and other nutrients obtained from spectroscopic signatures of peanut seeds. These results demonstrate that RS allows for fast, accurate and non-invasive screening and selection of plants which can be used for precision breeding. Continuous growth of the global population requires perpetual increase in the production of food. It is expected that by 2050 we will need to produce 70% more food 1. Such expectations can be met only though major transformations in currently used agricultural approaches. For instance, utilization of sensor-based field irrigation in 50% of ornamental operations can save up to 223 billion liters of water per year in the U.S. alone, or the water use of approximately 400,000 U.S. households 2. Satellite or unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) guided imaging can be used to monitor agricultural crops to minimize harvest losses. This new agricultural paradigm, also known as digital farming, aims to automate agricultural processes via application of precision location (GPS) methods and artificial intelligence. Although many processes in modern agriculture have reached a substantial degree of automation, plant breeding and taxonomic identification are far from that point. Currently, to positively identify a plant, visual inspection or genotyping are the only options. The first approach is subjective and typically requires substantial knowledge and practical experience. Years of training may be required to train a plant breeder or a botanist to be the expert in one area of the plant kingdom. To exclude the human factor in plant identification, Baena et al. used RGB imaging from UAVs to identify plants 3. However, the reported results demonstrated that such approach may work only for large plants with major morphological differences. Genotyping, whether by sequencing or other methods, is broadly employed by scientists and breeders to identify the genetic material associated with traits of interest. However, these methods are destructive, time-consuming and labor-intensive. Raman spectroscopy (RS) is a label-free, non-invasive and non-destructive analytical technique that can be used to probe che...

‘Tamrun OL11’ (Reg. No. CV‐118, PI 665017) is a high‐yielding, high‐oleic, runner‐type peanut (Arachis hypogaea L. subsp. hypogaea var. hypogaea) cultivar that has resistance to Sclerotinia minor Jaggar) and improved grade attributes over previously released runner‐type cultivars that are resistant to S. minor. It was tested under the experimental designation Tx055308 and released by Texas AgriLife Research at College Station, TX on 21 July 2011. Tamrun OL11 was derived from a single cross between Tx977116 F2:8, which has a high oleic‐oil content and resistance to Tomato spotted wilt virus, and the cultivar Tamrun 98, which has a normal oleic‐oil content and a high percentage of total sound mature kernels (TSMKs). Early selections were practiced using the pedigree selection technique. Initial yield testing began in the F3:5 generation in 2006 and continued through 2009 for a total of 25 multiple location trials. Tamrun OL11 performed equally as well as Tamrun OL07, which is resistant to S. minor, and was superior to the widely grown Flavorunner 458 cultivar for yield and disease resistance under high incidence of S. minor. Tamrun OL11 also performed equally as well as Flavor Runner 458 and was superior to Tamrun OL07 for the percentage of TSMKs. The objective of releasing this line is to provide growers with a cultivar that will yield and grade the same as the currently grown Flavor Runner 458 cultivar while reducing grower risk by maintaining the level of resistance to S. minor that the recently released Tamrun OL07 cultivar provides.

Tamrun OL07' (Reg. no. CV-92, PI-642851) is a runner market-type peanut (Arachis hypogaea L. subsp. hypogaea var. hypogaea) cultivar with a high O/L ratio and good yield poten-

‘Webb’ (Reg. No. CV‐120, PI 667551) is a high‐yielding, high‐oleic fatty acid, nematode‐resistant peanut (Arachis hypogaea L. ssp. hypogaea var. hypogaea) cultivar that also has a moderate level of resistance to Sclerotinia blight (caused by Sclerotinia minor Jagger). The cultivar was developed in the Texas peanut breeding program and released by Texas AgriLife Research to serve peanut growers who have infestations of root‐knot nematode [Meloidogyne arenaria (Neal) Chitwood] and are required to have a peanut with a high ratio of oleic acid to linolenic acid to offer for sale. Webb has larger pods and seeds than most other lines released from the Texas peanut breeding program, but it is similar in size to ‘Tamrun OL 01’, which was released in 2001. Webb has performed well in 19 yield tests across 5 yr, and it has good blanching and shelling characteristics. The seed‐size distribution is in the acceptable range for a runner peanut, as expected by shellers and manufacturers. Flavor components of Webb were found to be acceptable, with no off flavors and a high roasted‐peanut flavor score. Webb is the third cultivar released by the Texas program resulting from the introgression of root‐knot nematode resistance from wild peanut species.

Tamnut OL06' (Reg. no. CV-91, PI 642850) is a large seeded, spanish-type peanut (Arachis hypogaea L. subsp. fastigiata Waldron var. vulgaris Harz.) cultivar that has the high O/L genes (O 5 oleic fatty acid; L 5 linoleic fatty acid) and is high yielding. It exhibits some disease tolerance and is earlier in