Acute kidney injury (AKI) induced by ischemia-reperfusion is a critical conundrum in many clinical settings. Here, this study aimed to determine whether and how RTA-408, a novel oleanane triterpenoid, could confer protection against renal ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) in male mice. Mice treated with RTA-408 undergoing unilateral ischemia followed by contralateral nephrectomy had improved renal function and histological outcome, as well as decreased apoptosis, ROS production, and oxidative injury marker compared with vehicle-treated mice. Also, we had found that RTA-408 could strengthen the total antioxidant capacity by increasing Nrf2 nuclear translocation and subsequently increased Nrf2 downstream GSH-related antioxidant gene expression and activity. In vitro study demonstrated that GSH biosynthesis enzyme GCLc could be an important target of RTA-408. Furthermore, Nrf2-deficient mice treated with RTA-408 had no significant improvement in renal function, histology, ROS production, and GSH-related gene expression. Thus, by upregulating Nrf2 and its downstream antioxidant genes, RTA-408 presents a novel and potential approach to renal IRI prevention and therapy.
Objective: To investigate the efficacy and safety of transurethral seminal vesiculoscopy in the diagnosis and treatment of intractable seminal vesiculitis. Methods: This prospective observational study enrolled patients with intractable seminal vesiculitis. The transurethral seminal vesiculoscope was inserted into the bilateral ejaculatory ducts and seminal vesicles, via the urethra. The ejaculatory ducts and seminal vesicles were visualized to confirm the diagnosis of seminal vesiculitis and to determine the cause of the disease. The seminal vesicles were washed repeatedly using 0.90% (w/v) sodium chloride before a 0.50% (w/v) levofloxacin solution was injected into the seminal vesicles. Results: A total of 114 patients participated in the study and 106 patients underwent bilateral seminal vesiculoscopy. Six patients with postoperative painful ejaculation were treated successfully with oral antibiotics and a-blockers. Two patients with postoperative epididymitis were treated successfully with a 1-week course of antibiotics. Haematospermia was alleviated in 94 of 106 patients (89%), and their pain and discomfort had either disappeared or had been obviously relieved, following treatment. Conclusion: Transurethral seminal vesiculoscopy is effective for diagnosing and treating intractable seminal vesiculitis.
Background:The efficacy and safety of direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) for treating hepatitis C virus (HCV)-infected renal transplant recipients (RTRs) has not been determined.Methods:We searched PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials and assessed the quality of eligible studies using the Joanna Briggs Institute scale. DAA efficacy and safety were assessed using standard mean difference (SMD) with 95% confidence intervals (95%CIs).Results:Six studies (360 RTRs) were included. Two hundred thirty six RTRs (98.3%) achieved sustained virological response within 12 weeks; HCV infection was cleared in 239 RTRs after 24-week treatment. Liver function differed significantly pre- and posttreatment (alanine aminotransferase, SMD: 0.96, 95%CIs: 0.65, 1.26; aspartate aminotransferase, SMD: 0.89, 95%CIs: 0.60, 1.18); allograft function pre- and posttreatment was not statistically different (serum creatinine, SMD: −0.13, 95%CIs: −0.38, 0.12; estimated glomerular filtration rate, SMD: 0.20, 95%CIs: −0.11, 0.51). General symptoms (fatigue nausea dizziness or headache) were the most common adverse events (AEs) (39.3%). Severe AEs, that is, anemia, portal vein thrombosis, and streptococcus bacteraemia and pneumonia, were present in 1.1%, 0.6%, and 1.1% of RTRs, respectively.Conclusion:Our findings suggest that DAAs are highly efficacious and safe for treating HCV-infected RTRs and without significant AE.
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