Aims To explore the involvement of NOD‐like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome and M1 macrophage in root resorption (RR). Methods A rat RR model was established by excessive orthodontic force. After different force‐loading time, the expression levels of NLRP3, caspase‐1, and interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β) and distribution of M1 macrophages were analysed by immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence staining in vivo. Then, the mechanism of NLRP3 activation was further verified by macrophage and human periodontal ligament cell (hPDLC) co‐culture system in vitro. The production levels of NLRP3, caspase‐1, pro‐caspase‐1, and IL‐1β in M1 macrophages in the co‐culture system were detected by Western blot, and the polarization of CD68+IL‐1β+ M1 macrophages was detected by immunofluorescence staining. Results In the rat RR model, NLRP3, caspase‐1, IL‐1β, and M1 macrophages were expressed in periodontal ligament, mainly concentrated around RR areas. Force‐pre‐treated hPDLCs promoted M1 macrophage polarization and the production of NLRP3, caspase‐1, and IL‐1β in M1 macrophages in co‐culture system. When MCC950, an inhibitor of NLRP3 inflammasome, was added, NLRP3 activation and M1 macrophage polarization were inhibited. Conclusions In periodontal tissues, hPDLCs stimulated by force promoted M1 macrophage polarization and increased IL‐1β production by activating NLRP3 inflammasome in M1 macrophages, thus initiating the occurrence of RR.

Millions of people were infected with the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) all over the world. Data on clinical symptoms of pediatric inpatients with COVID-19 infection were unclear. The aim of study was to investigate the clinical features of pediatric inpatients with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. PubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library were searched to seek for studies providing details on pediatric inpatients with SARS-CoV-2 infection which were published from 1st January to 21st April 2020. Studies with more than five pediatric inpatients were

Background: ALT value is often used to reflect the hepatic inflammation and injury in NAFLD patients, but many studies proved that ALT values were normal in many NAFLD patients. The aim of this study was to identify the summarized proportion of NAFLD patients with normal ALT value in the overall NAFLD patients. Methods: Electronic databases PubMed, EMBASE, Ovid, and the Cochrane Library were searched for potential studies published from . Studies that have reported the number of NAFLD or NASH patients with normal and abnormal ALT value were included and analyzed. Abstracts, reviews, case reports, and letters were excluded.Results: A total of 11 studies with 4084 patients were included for assessing the summarized proportion of NAFLD patients with normal ALT in overall NAFLD patients. As the results shown, the summarized proportion of NAFLD patients with normal ALT value in overall NAFLD patients was 25% (95%CI: 20-31%) which was calculated by the random-effects model. The summarized proportion of NASH patients with normal ALT value in overall NASH patients was 19% (95%CI: 13-27%). Subgroup analysis includes region, study type, diagnostic method, and group size were conducted to investigate the resource of heterogeneity in the summarized proportion of NAFLD and NASH patients with normal ALT value. Conclusions: 25% NAFLD patients and 19% NASH patients possess the normal ALT value in the clinical manifestation. The value of ALT in the clinical diagnosis of NAFLD and NASH remains need be further testified.