Background Traumatic events are thought to be a cause of acral melanoma. However, little is known about the role of mechanical trauma or physical stress in the development of acral melanoma. Objective In our study, we evaluated the frequency of trauma, physical stress, and occupation in patients with acral melanoma and aimed to identify any pathological correlates of these factors. Methods We conducted a retrospective study of 313 acral melanoma patients from Chonnam National University Hospital. We mapped melanoma-developed anatomical sites of acral areas and assessed patients' history of trauma, physical stress, and occupation. Results Among the 313 acral melanoma patients, many reported a traumatic event (84 of 313; 26.8%) or physical stress (91 of 313; 29.1%) before the melanoma developed. The most common anatomical sites in these patients were on the borders of the foot (136 of 313; 43.5%). Trauma was more commonly associated with the fingernails and toenails than other sites. The frequency of each type of physical stress depended on the site of the lesion. Farmer and fisherman were the most common occupations (130 of 313; 41.5%) of the acral melanoma patients. Conclusion Our results demonstrate that traumatic events, physical stress, and certain occupations are common in acral melanomas. Further studies are needed to establish whether these are risk factors for acral melanomas.
The purpose of this study is to investigate about chief complaints of Korean pediatrics and adolescent outpatients in the ○○ university hospital for their recent trend. MethodsThe study was composed of 4,677 new patients aged between 1 month and 20 years who had been visited pediatrics in ○○ university hospital from 2012 January to 2015 December. Results1. Among those patients, majority was early childhood as 51.4%, followed by early childhood, late childhood, infancy, and adolescence. 2. Chief complaints in this population have been recorded in the fall the most as 29.6%, but the distribution was inconsistent. 3. To categorize, digestive-related chief complaints were the highest as 30.6%, followed by respiratory, supplemental use, growth, psychiatrics. Respiratory-related chief complaints increased dramatically in the fall. 4. In infancy and early childhood, digestive/respiratory complaints were common, whereas, growth complaints were common in late childhood and adolescence. 5. Digestive/respiratory complaints have been over 50% out of all chief complaints annually. Psychiatric and growth-related complaints have been trending up, whereas, supplemental/skin complaints have decreased every year. 6. Specifically, anorexia were the most common in digestive complaints, and rhinitis/sinusitis were top among respiratory complaints. Precocious puberty and developmental disability increased every year. ConclusionsThe most common chief complaints were digestive and respiratory-related, and precocious puberty and growth issues have been trending up lately. Based on this result, more studies that targets precocious puberty and growth problems are needed.
BackgroundYukmijihwangtang (YJT) is a traditional Korean medicine that has been used to treat kidney-yin deficiency symptoms such as dizziness and tinnitus. In addition, because it is also thought to nourish kidney-yin, it has been used to treat short stature from congenital deficiency. This study evaluated the effects of YJT on longitudinal bone growth in rats.MethodsFemale adolescent rats were randomly assigned to groups that received distilled water (per os [p.o.] twice a day; control), recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH; 20 μg/kg, subcutaneous [s.c.] once a day), or two different doses of YJT (100 or 300 mg/kg, p.o. twice a day). In each group, treatment was maintained for 4 days. Rats were injected intraperitoneally with 5-bromo-2’-deoxyuridine (BrdU; 50 mg/kg) to label proliferating chondrocytes on days 2 – 4. Tetracycline hydrochloride (20 mg/kg) was injected intraperitoneally to form fluorescent bands on the growth plates on day 3 for measuring the longitudinal bone growth rate. Expression of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) in the growth plate was identified using immunohistochemistry.ResultsThere was a significant increase in the rate of bone growth in the 300 mg/kg YJT group (523.8 ± 23.7 μm/day; P < 0.05) compared to the control group (498.0 ± 23.8 μm/day), while the 100 mg/kg YJT group exhibited a non-significant increase. The number of BrdU-positive cells in the chondrocytes of the rhGH-treated group exhibited a significant increase (103.8 ± 34.2 cells/mm2) compared to that of the control group (70.3 ± 19.7 cells/mm2), while the 300 mg/kg YJT group had a non-significant increase. Additionally, IGF-1 and BMP-2 were highly expressed in the growth plate in the 300 mg/kg YJT and rhGH groups.ConclusionsYJT increased the longitudinal bone growth rate by stimulating chondrocyte proliferation with increasing increments of local IGF-1 and BMP-2 expression. Based on these findings, YJT may be a therapeutic candidate for the treatment of growth retardation during adolescence.
Zinc methacrylate (ZMA) and carbon black (CB) are incorporated into natural rubber/butadiene rubber matrix by direct mixing in a Banbury mixer. Tensile and tear tests showed that CB has a great reinforcing effect on rubber matrix. The results show that the amount of ZMA also plays an important role in mechanical properties. The addition of ZMA resulted in a significant increase of the optimum cure time even at lower loading. Incorporation of ZMA improved mechanical properties, such as tensile modulus and cure reinforcing parameter. The extraordinary improvement in properties is due to the formation of covalent and ionic crosslink. The composite containing only CB shows higher elongation at break, superior tensile strength, and tear strength than ZMA‐filled composites. Reinforcing effect of different composites has also been evaluated using different theoretical model. It has been observed that blowout time became slower and blowout temperature became higher as the ZMA content of the specimen increased. This represents multiple interactions between ZMA and rubber matrix. On the basis of the experimental results, possible mechanisms for reinforcement and microstructure of ZMA/rubber composites have been proposed. Both ZMA and CB provide better thermal stability especially for the composites, where the highest reinforcement effect is observed by mechanical analysis. POLYM. COMPOS., 2012. © 2012 Society of Plastics Engineers
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