The paper refers to the numerical analysis of the internal flow in a hydraulic cross-flow turbine type Banki. A 3D-CFD steady state flow simulation has been performed using ANSYS CFX codes. The simulation includes nozzle, runner, shaft, and casing. The turbine has a specific speed of 63 (metric units), an outside runner diameter of 294 mm. Simulations were carried out using a water-air free surface model and k-εturbulence model. The objectives of this study were to analyze the velocity and pressure fields of the cross-flow within the runner and to characterize its performance for different runner speeds. Absolute flow velocity angles are obtained at runner entrance for simulations with and without the runner. Flow recirculation in the runner interblade passages and shocks of the internal cross-flow cause considerable hydraulic losses by which the efficiency of the turbine decreases significantly. The CFD simulations results were compared with experimental data and were consistent with global performance parameters.

No abstract

The objective of primary cementing is to protect the casing and to ensure zonal isolation. It can be difficult to obtain a good cement job along the full length of a well, and casing centralization is one of the main factors that influence this. Even if the dependence of cement placement on casing centralization is well-known, little information is available on how the degree of casing centralization affects the well during its production phase. Well temperatures cycle up and down as a part of normal production operations – and well barrier materials, in particular steel, cement and rock, will consequently repeatedly expand and contract their volumes. Over time, this is likely to induce debonding and radial cracking of the cement sheath which threatens well integrity. This paper reports the results of an experimental study mapping how, where and when the annular cement loses its sealing ability upon temperature variations, and how this is dependent on casing centralization. The studied samples consisted of rock, cement and casing, and the temperature was cycled in a controlled and programmable manner. In-situ monitoring by Acoustic Emission (AE) sensors detected the development of cracking and debonding in the samples during thermal cycling. Initial and post-experiment computed tomography (CT) scans provided complementary three-dimensional (3D) information on the geometry and location of the induced cracks and debonding. Our study compared the thermal cycling resistance of two samples, one with centralized casing and one with a 50% casing stand-off. The AE monitoring results indicated that most of the cracking/debonding occurred during the actual heating and cooling, and not in between cycles when the temperature was held constant. The CT analyses showed that the thermal cycling caused considerable enlargement of cracks and voids initially present in the cement sheath, and this enlargement was significantly more severe when the casing was not centralized. The paper presents, for the first time, a 3D visualization of cracks and debonded volumes in the cement sheath, and it underlines the importance of obtaining a good initial cement job. Also, it is shown that it is important to obtain a good casing centralization during well construction – not only for optimal cement placement, but also for maintaining well integrity during production.

Petroleum activities in the sensitive Arctic environment require increased focus on well integrity, since even small leaks can affect production and surrounding ecosystems. It is therefore of the utmost importance that the sealing ability of the annular well cement can be maintained here. This is challenging in normal locations, and difficulties are intensified when moving north. Due to the harsh topside conditions in the Arctic, the operational windows are short -and production will necessarily be turned on/off repeatedly. The temperature of any unheated injected fluid will also be lower here. As a result, Arctic wells will be subjected to strong downhole temperature variations over their life cycles. These cause the volume of well construction materials, like casing steel and annular well cement, to repeatedly expand and contract, which might lead to loss of well integrity through debonding or cracking of the annular cement sheath.In the present paper we describe an experimental laboratory set-up that has been designed for studying the sealing ability of annular cement as a well is exposed to thermal cycling. The samples studied are small-scale well sections including casing, annular cement and rock formation. These are exposed to thermal cycles by using a computer controlled thermal platform, which heats up by means of electrical resistance and cools down through expansion of liquefied nitrogen. It has a temperature span from -50°C to +200°C, and adjustable heating/cooling rates and holding times. During the thermal cycling experiments, any cracking and debonding occurring in the system is continuously monitored in-situ by Acoustic Emission (AE). To demonstrate the functioning of the set-up we present some initial results obtained using ordinary Portland G cement as annular sealant. In this work, the AE events collected during cycling are compared with data from post-experiment computed tomography (CT) scans.The testing methodology presented in this paper is flexible, thus rock type, annular sealant type and casing type can be varied at will. Mud or filter cake effects can also be included. For all samples, the procedure will enable determination of when leakage paths appear (as a function of applied thermal cycles and time), where they appear (in the bulk cement or at its interfaces) and what their sizes, geometries and distributions are. This opens for improved material choices for Arctic well construction, and optimization of operational patterns and remediation strategies for the high north. Most of today's Arctic research and development (R&D) aims to overcome the many topside challenges associated with petroleum operations in the north. These are of obvious importance, comprising extremely cold Arctic temperatures, large temperature variations, harsh weather conditions, drifting ice and ice loads, strong ocean currents, long periods of darkness and remote locations. In fact, the strong focus on topside challenges has led to a down-prioritization of the many subsurface challenges in the Arctic -which stil...

The cement sheath is one of the most important well barrier elements in the well, both during production and after abandonment. However, normal production operations which involve temperature variations in the well, such as steam injection, stimulations and shut-down periods, may damage the integrity of the cement sheath. Temperature increase and decrease, i.e. thermal cycling, cause the casing to expand and contract, which creates debonding and cracking of the cement sheath and thereby loss of zonal isolation. This paper presents novel results from an experimental study of cement sheath integrity during thermal cycling. The temperature was cycled repeatedly from 5°C to 125°C in a controlled manner from inside the casing, and Portland cement with silica additive was tested with both sandstone and shale as surrounding rock. Debonding and cracking of cement were quantified and visualized by X-ray computed tomography (CT), and it was found that cracking and debonding occurred for the sandstone sample, whereas the shale sample remained almost unaffected. There were some initial defects in the cement sheath in the sandstone sample, and these small and scattered defects grew together during thermal cycling into a continuous leak path; i.e. resulting in a loss of zonal isolation.The digitalized 3D geometry of this leak path was imported into Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) software, thereby enabling a unique visualization of fluid flow through an actual leak path in degraded cement and an estimation of leak rates for different pressure differences. It is seen that microannuli are not homogeneous or uniform, and that fluid flow through microannuli and cracks is complex and not easily predictable.