The effect of diabetes on cirrhosis, its decompensation, and their time relationship in chronic hepatitis C (CHC) patients remains unclear. We conducted a nation-wide cohort study by using the Taiwanese National Health Insurance Research Database, which is comprised of data from >99% of the entire population. Among having randomly sampled 1 million enrollees, 6,251 adult CHC patients were identified from 1997 to 2009. Diabetes was defined as new onset in CHC patients who were given the diagnosis in the years 1999-2003, but not in 1997-1998. The cohorts of CHC with new-onset diabetes (n 5 424) and nondiabetes (n 5 1,708) were followed up from inception point in diabetes and from year 1999 in the nondiabetes cohort until development of cirrhosis or its decompensation, withdrawal from insurance, or December 2009. Kaplan-Meier's survival analysis showed a significantly higher cumulative incidence of cirrhosis (relative risk [RR] 5 1.53; 95% confidence interval [CI] 5 1.11-2.11; log-rank test; P < 0.001) and decompensated cirrhosis (RR 5 2.01; 95% CI 5 1.07-3.79; log-rank test; P < 0.001) among patients with new-onset diabetes, as compared to those without. After adjustment for age, gender, CHC treatment, diabetes treatment, hepatocellular carcinoma, comorbidity index, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and obesity by Cox's proportional hazard model, diabetes was still an independent predictor for cirrhosis (hazard ratio [HR] 5 2.505; 95% CI 5 1.609-3.897; P < 0.001) and its decompensation (HR 5 3.560; 95% CI 5 1.526-8.307; P 5 0.003). Conclusion: CHC patients who develop diabetes are at an increased risk of liver cirrhosis and its decompensation over time. (HEPATOLOGY 2014;60:807-814)

Patients with CHB who develop diabetes are at an increased risk of liver cirrhosis and its decompensation over time.

Low serum HBV RNA level at week 12 of nucleoside analogue therapy independently predicts initial virological response in treated chronic hepatitis B patients. Serum HBV RNA levels may thus be useful for optimizing treatment of chronic hepatitis B.