Hydrophobic sponge structure-based triboelectric nanogenerators using an inverse opal structured film for sustainable energy harvesting over a wide range of humid atmosphere have been successfully demonstrated. The output voltage and current density reach a record value of 130 V and 0.10 mA cm(-2) , respectively, giving over 10-fold power enhancement, compared with the flat film-based triboelectric nanogenerator.

Highly stretchable 2D fabrics are prepared by weaving fibers for a fabric-structured triboelectric nanogenerator (FTENG). The fibers mainly consist of Al wires and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) tubes with a high-aspect-ratio nanotextured surface with vertically aligned nanowires. The fabrics were produced by interlacing the fibers, which was bonded to a waterproof fabric for all-weather use for fabric-structured triboelectric nanogenerator (FTENG). It showed a stable high-output voltage and current of 40 V and 210 μA, corresponding to an instantaneous power output of 4 mW. The FTENG also exhibits high robustness behavior even after 25% stretching, enough for use in smart clothing applications and other wearable electronics. For wearable applications, the nanogenerator was successfully demonstrated in applications of footstep-driven large-scale power mats during walking and power clothing attached to the elbow.

A facile and scalable synthesis of mesoporous films impregnated with Au nanoparticles (NPs) as effective dielectrics is demonstrated for enhancing the nanogenerator performance based on vertical contactseparation mode. This technique is so simple and scalable, providing a promising solution for developing 10 large-scale and practical self-powered devices. The spatial distribution of the Au NPs made it possible to fabricate the Au NPs-embedded mesoporous triboelectric nanogenerator (AMTENG) with high output power of 13 mW under cycled compressive force, giving over 5-fold power enhancement, compared with the flat film-based TENG under the same mechanical force. It is proposed that the presence of aligned dipoles produced due to the charges created by the contact between Au NPs and PDMS inside the pores 15 can influence the surface potential energy of mesoporous films. With such an enhanced power output and unique device design, we demonstrate various applications such as self-powered shape mapping sensor, foot-step driven large-scale AMTENG, and an integrated circuit with a capacitor for powering a commercial cell phone for realizing self-powered systems from footsteps, wind power, and ocean waves. 65 powered devices. The spatial distribution of the Au NPs made it possible to fabricate the Au NPs-embedded mesoporous TENG (AMTENG) with high output power density of 13 mW (160 μW/cm 2 ) under cycled compressive force, giving over 5-fold power enhancement, compared with the flat film-based TENG 70 (FTENG) under the same mechanical force. It is proposed that the

For existing triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs), it is important to explore unique methods to further enhance the output power under realistic environments to speed up their commercialization. We report here a practical TENG composed of three layers, in which the key layer, an electric double layer, is inserted between a top layer, made of Al/polydimethylsiloxane, and a bottom layer, made of Al. The efficient charge separation in the middle layer, based on Volta's electrophorus, results from sequential contact configuration of the TENG and direct electrical connection of the middle layer to the earth. A sustainable and enhanced output performance of 1.22 mA and 46.8 mW cm À 2 under low frequency of 3 Hz is produced, giving over 16-fold enhancement in output power and corresponding to energy conversion efficiency of 22.4%. Finally, a portable power-supplying system, which provides enough d.c. power for charging a smart watch or phone battery, is also successfully developed.