Although political views have been thought to arise largely from individuals' experiences, recent research suggests that they may have a biological basis. We present evidence that variations in political attitudes correlate with physiological traits. In a group of 46 adult participants with strong political beliefs, individuals with measurably lower physical sensitivities to sudden noises and threatening visual images were more likely to support foreign aid, liberal immigration policies, pacifism, and gun control, whereas individuals displaying measurably higher physiological reactions to those same stimuli were more likely to favor defense spending, capital punishment, patriotism, and the Iraq War. Thus, the degree to which individuals are physiologically responsive to threat appears to indicate the degree to which they advocate policies that protect the existing social structure from both external (outgroup) and internal (norm-violator) threats.

Background: Self-care is essential in people with chronic heart failure (HF). The process of selfcare was refined in the revised situation specific theory of HF self-care, so we updated the instrument measuring self-care to match the updated theory. The aim of this study was to test the psychometric properties of the revised 29-item Self-Care of Heart Failure Index (SCHFI).