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Purpose. To evaluate the outcomes of patients with locally advanced cervical cancer treated with three-dimensional image-guided brachytherapy (IGABT) after concomitant chemoradiation (CCRT). Materials and Methods. Data from patients treated with CCRT followed by magnetic resonance imaging-guided or computed tomography-guided pulsed-dose-rate brachytherapy, performed according to the Groupe Européen de Curiethérapie-European Society for Radiotherapy and Oncology guidelines, were reviewed. At first, stage I or II patients systematically underwent radical hysterectomy or were offered a randomized study evaluating hysterectomy. Then, hysterectomy was limited to salvage treatment. Results. Of 163 patients identified, 27% had stage IB, 57% had stage II, 12% had stage III, and 3% had stage IVA disease. The mean dose delivered (in 2-Gy dose equivalents) to 90% of the high-risk clinical target volume was 78.1 Ϯ 9.6 Gy, whereas the doses delivered to organs at risk were maintained under the usual thresholds. Sixty-one patients underwent a hysterectomy. Macroscopic residual disease was found in 13 cases. With a median follow-up of 36 months (range, 5-79 months), 45 patients had relapsed. The 3-year overall survival rate was 76%. Local and pelvic control rates were 92% and 86%, respectively. According to the Common Toxicity Criteria 3.0, 7.4% of patients experienced late grade 3 or 4 toxicity. Most of those had undergone postradiation radical surgery (2.9% vs. 14.8; p ϭ .005). Conclusion. IGABT combined with CCRT provides excellent locoregional control rates with low treatment-related morbidity, justifying the elimination of hysterectomy in the absence of obvious residual disease. Distant metastasis remains an important first relapse and may warrant more aggressive systemic treatment. The Oncologist 2013;18:415-422 Implications for Practice: Over the past 20 years, technical advances have led to dramatic changes in brachytherapy planning permitting three-dimensional image guidance and volume-based prescribing. Image-guided adaptive brachytherapy is about to become a gold standard in the treatment of locally advanced cervical cancer, pending the results of prospective studies. This series reports excellent locoregional control in patients treated with pulsed-dose rate brachytherapy following concomitant chemoradiation. Treatment-related morbidity was low, except in patients who underwent postradiation hysterectomy, justifying the abandon of hysterectomy in the absence of obvious residual disease. INTRODUCTIONThe treatment of patients with locally advanced cervical cancer (LACC) relies on a combination of concomitant chemoradiation (CCRT) and brachytherapy [1]. CCRT became the standard of care in 1999 with the publication of five randomized studies comparing chemoradiation with exclusive radiation therapy. A recent meta-analysis showed a 6% higher

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