Background Surgical Site Infections (SSI) are the most reported health acquired infection and common surgical complication in both developed and developing countries. In developing countries such as Rwanda, there is a paucity of published reports on the pattern of SSI, therefore this study aimed at assessing the incidence, risk factors and the antibiotic profile of pathogens responsible of SSI. Methods This prospective study included 294 patients admitted between October 10, 2017 and February 12, 2018 to the surgical department of the University Teaching Hospital of Kigali. Patients data were collected using a structured and pretested questionnaire in English version. Regular follow-up was maintained until at least 30 days postoperatively. Samples were collected from suspected wounds and identified using different bacteria culture media. Data were analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software word version 20.0. P -value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results The overall incidence of SSI was 10.9%. The associated risk factors were found to be an increased age, ASA class, wound classification, skills and experience of the surgeon, longer duration of surgery (> 2 h), prolonged duration of hospital stay, blood transfusion and emergency surgery. The most common pathogens isolated were Klebsiella ssp (55%), followed by Escherichia coli (15%) and Proteus ssp (12%), Acinectobacter (9%), Staphylococcus aureus (6%) and coagulase-negative staphylococc i (3%).The pathogens revealed different levels of antibiotic resistance; amoxy-clavilinic acid (98.8%), gentamicin (92.6%), ciprofloxacin (78.1%) and ceftriaxone (53.3%). On the other hand, Amikacin and imipinem were the only two most effective antibiotics for all isolated pathogens with 100% sensitivity. Conclusion SSI incidence rate was revealed to be within acceptable international ranges. However, multi drug resistance was seen in half of the isolates leaving clinicians with few choices of drugs for the treatment of patients with SSI. Periodic surveillance of bacteria and antibiotic susceptibility coupled with the implementation of strict protocol for antibiotic administration and operative room regulations are important to minimize the burden of SSI with resistant bacteria pathogens.
Background Whilst injuries are a major cause of disability and death worldwide, a large proportion of people in low- and middle-income countries lack timely access to injury care. Barriers to accessing care from the point of injury to return to function have not been delineated. Methods A two-day workshop was held in Kigali, Rwanda in May 2019 with representation from health providers, academia, and government. A four delays model (delays to seeking, reaching, receiving, and remaining in care) was applied to injury care. Participants identified barriers at each delay and graded, through consensus, their relative importance. Following an iterative voting process, the four highest priority barriers were identified. Based on workshop findings and a scoping review, a map was created to visually represent injury care access as a complex health-system problem. Results Initially, 42 barriers were identified by the 34 participants. 19 barriers across all four delays were assigned high priority; highest-priority barriers were “ Training and retention of specialist staff ”, “ Health education/awareness of injury severity ”, “ Geographical coverage of referral trauma centres ”, and “ Lack of protocol for bypass to referral centres ”. The literature review identified evidence relating to 14 of 19 high-priority barriers. Most barriers were mapped to more than one of the four delays, visually represented in a complex health-system map. Conclusion Overcoming barriers to ensure access to quality injury care requires a multifaceted approach which considers the whole patient journey from injury to rehabilitation. Our results can guide researchers and policymakers planning future interventions.
OBJECTIVE Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of death and disability. Patients with TBI in low and middle-income countries have worse outcomes than patients in high-income countries. We evaluated important clinical indicators associated with mortality for patients with TBI at University Teaching Hospital of Kigali, Kigali, Rwanda. METHODS A prospective consecutive sampling of patients with TBI presenting to University Teaching Hospital of Kigali Accident and Emergency Department was screened for inclusion criteria: reported head trauma, alteration in consciousness, headache, and visible head trauma. Exclusion criteria were age <10 years, >48 hours after injury, and repeat visit. Data were assessed for association with death using logistic regression. Significant variables were included in a multivariate logistic regression model and refined via backward elimination. RESULTS Between October 7, 2013, and April 6, 2014, 684 patients were enrolled; 14 (2%) were excluded because of incomplete data. Of patients, 81% were male with mean age of 31 years (range, 10–89 years; SD 11.8). Most patients (80%) had mild TBI (Glasgow Coma Scale [GCS] score 13–15); 10% had moderate (GCS score 9–12) and 10% had severe (GCS score 3–8) TBI. Multivariate logistic regression determined that GCS score <13, hypoxia, bradycardia, tachycardia, and age >50 years were significantly associated with death. CONCLUSIONS GCS score <13, hypoxia, bradycardia, tachycardia, and age >50 years were associated with mortality. These findings inform future research that may guide clinicians in prioritizing care for patients at highest risk of mortality.
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