Toroidal moment is an electromagnetic excitation that lies outside
the familiar picture of electric and magnetic multipoles. It has recently
been a topic of intense research in the fields of nanophotonics and
metamaterials due to its weakly radiating nature and its ability to
confine electromagnetic energy. Among extensive studies on toroidal
moments and their applications, high quality factor (Q) toroidal resonances have been experimentally realized only in a
very limited set of geometries and wavelengths. In this study, we
demonstrate that a metasurface consisting of arrays of hollow dielectric
cuboids supports a high Q-factor resonances at near-infrared
and visible wavelengths due to the destructive interference between
toroidal dipoles and magnetic quadrupoles. Using silicon as the high
index dielectric, an experimental Q-factor of 728
is realized at a wavelength of 1505 nm, which is one of the highest
values reported in the near-infrared using a dielectric metasurface.
Importantly, our resonator geometry enables very efficient coupling
of the toroidal resonance to the environment. This makes our metasurface
design useful for refractometric sensing, where we measure a sensitivity
of 161 nm per refractive index unit with a line width of 2.01 nm,
efficiently distinguishing an index change of less than 0.02. We also
find that a metasurface made of a relatively low-index dielectric,
titanium dioxide (n < 2.4), is also capable of
supporting the same toroidal mode with an observed Q-factor of 160 at visible wavelengths. With the versatility and robustness
that dielectric metasurfaces provide, toroidal resonances are expected
to be a powerful tool for investigating strong light–matter
interaction and nonlinear phenomena at the nanoscale.
Ultrafast
optical excitation of select materials gives rise to
the generation of broadband terahertz (THz) pulses. This effect has
enabled the field of THz time-domain spectroscopy and led to the discovery
of many physical mechanisms behind THz generation. However, only a
few materials possess the required properties to generate THz radiation
efficiently. Optical metasurfaces can relax stringent material requirements
by shifting the focus onto the engineering of local electromagnetic
fields to boost THz generation. Here we demonstrate the generation
of THz pulses in a 160 nm thick nanostructured GaAs metasurface. Despite
the drastically reduced volume, the metasurface emits THz radiation
with efficiency comparable to that of a thick GaAs crystal. We reveal
that along with classical second-order volume nonlinearity, an additional
mechanism contributes strongly to THz generation in the metasurface,
which we attribute to surface nonlinearity. Our results lay the foundation
for engineering of semiconductor metasurfaces for efficient and versatile
THz radiation emitters.
The effect of terahertz (THz) pulse generation has revolutionized
broadband coherent spectroscopy and imaging at THz frequencies. However,
THz pulses typically lack spatial structure, whereas structured beams
are becoming essential for advanced spectroscopy applications. Nonlinear
optical metasurfaces with nanoscale THz emitters can provide a solution
by defining the beam structure at the generation stage. We develop
a nonlinear InAs metasurface consisting of nanoscale optical resonators
for simultaneous generation and structuring of THz beams. We find
that THz pulse generation in the resonators is governed by optical
rectification. It is more efficient than in ZnTe crystals, and it
allows us to control the pulse polarity and amplitude, offering a
platform for realizing binary-phase THz metasurfaces. To illustrate
this capability, we demonstrate an InAs metalens, which simultaneously
generates and focuses THz pulses. The control of spatiotemporal structure
using nanoscale emitters opens doors for THz beam engineering and
advanced spectroscopy and imaging applications.
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