Background: Adherence problems, interactions and higher rate of risk activities have been observed in HIV individuals using recreational drugs. Our aim was to describe recreational drug use in both HIV individuals and general population in Europe, and to assess at what extent HIV guidelines address this issue.Methods: Data on recreational drug use across Europe were obtained from the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction for the general population, and through Pubmed search. for HIV patients. We assessed the incorporation of recreational drug issues in HIV treatment guidelines for the following topics: (a) recreational drugs; (b) adherence to antiretrovirals; (c) interactions; (d) transmission risk. Guidelines included: World Health Organization; European Aids Clinical Society; U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; International Antiviral Society-USA; and seven European national guidelines.Results: 29 countries reported recreational drug use in general population. The highest prevalences were observed for Cannabis (i.e., 8–10% in Spain, France, and Czech Republic) followed by cocaine, amphetamines and ecstasy. The 13 studies selected in the systematic review showed a great variability in recreational drug use on the HIV population. Apart from classical recreational drugs, we found a relevant use of new drugs including sexual experience enhancers. Polydrug consumption was about 50% in some studies. Most guidelines included general information about recreational drugs, showing great variability on the inclusion of the evaluated topics. We found more specific, evidence-based recommendations on interactions, followed by medication adherence and transmission risk.Conclusions: Available data on the people living with HIV suggest a higher use of recreational drugs than in the general population, which is already relevant. However, recreational drug issues should be included or addressed more thoroughly in most guidelines.

Dysphagia has been associated with a high risk of undernutrition and aspiration pneumonia in the elderly. It is commonly managed by adding commercial thickening agents to thicken liquids. The rheological behavior of these thickeners in water is known but there is lack of information with regard to other liquids. The aim of this study was to determine the viscosity of 11 beverages after adding commercial thickeners and to compare their viscosity with that of thickened water and also with the reference limits of the National Dysphagia Diet (NDD). We added starch-based and gum-based thickeners to 11 beverages to achieve a honey-like consistency. The 11 beverages were five juices (apple, orange, grape, peach-grape, and pineapple), two teas (black tea and chamomile), milk (whole and skimmed), instant coffee, and a vegetable milk (tigernut milk). Viscosity measurements were made in a controlled environment for the resulting 22 samples. Compared to thickened water, significant changes were found for all beverages except apple juice, with both starch- and gum-based thickeners, and orange juice, pineapple juice, and chamomile with the gum-based thickener. Results with respect to the NDD reference limits showed significant changes in viscosity only for peach-grape juice and pineapple juice with starch-based thickener. These findings show that changes arise in the viscosity of some thickened beverages compared to thickened water and also compared to the range recommended by the NDD. Further studies are needed to describe the rheological behavior of other beverages, thickeners, and consistencies. Recommendations to ensure feeding safety may be required for elderly patients with dysphagia.

Background Medication nonadherence in heart transplant recipients (HTxR) is related to graft loss and death. mHeart is a mobile app that uses electronic patient-reported outcome measures (ePROMs) to identify and manage medication nonadherence in the outpatient heart transplant (HTx) population. Objective The study primarily aimed to validate mHeart to measure medication nonadherence in early stage HTxR by assessing the psychometric properties of ePROMs. The secondary aims were to (1) measure patient satisfaction with the mHeart tool and its usability and (2) explore the impact of a theory-based treatment on medication nonadherence rates to determine its scalability to larger research. Methods A prospective study was conducted in the outpatient clinic of a tertiary hospital. All consecutive early stage HTxR (<1.5 years from HTx) were included. The ePROM psychometric properties assessed were validity, reliability, responsiveness, interpretability, and burden. ePROMs comprised the 4-item Morisky-Green-Levine questionnaire and an adapted version of the Haynes-Sackett questionnaire. The Simplified Medication Adherence Questionnaire (SMAQ) was also applied on-site. Three consecutive medication nonadherence assessments were performed by a transplant pharmacist. To improve medication nonadherence, theory-based interventions were delivered in a 1-month period. Patient satisfaction was assessed by a semiquantitative Web-based survey at the end of the study. Results We included 31 early stage HTxR (age: mean 54 years, SD 12 years), and 71% (22/31) of them were men. The HTxR were taking a mean 13 (SD 4; range 7-18) drugs per day. A total of 42% (13/31) of patients were unaware of the consequences of medication nonadherence, and 39% (12/31) of patients were nonadherent to immunosuppressive treatment. The content validity measure showed excellent levels of expert panel agreement for the Haynes-Sacket (14/14, 100%) and Morisky-Green-Levine (13/14, 93%) questionnaires. SMAQ and Morisky-Green-Levine ePROMs showed similar measurement domains (convergent validity, phi=0.6, P<.001), which, as expected, differed from Haynes-Sackett ePROMs (divergent validity, phi=0.3, P=.12). Reliability assessment revealed a very strong association between ePROM and on-site PROMs (phi>0.7, P<.001). Reproducibility was moderate (Haynes-Sackett κ=0.6, P<.002) or poor (Morisky-Green-Levine κ=0.3, P=.11) because of unexpected improved medication adherence rates during the test-retest period. According to responsiveness, the theory-based multifaceted intervention program improved medication nonadherence by 16% to 26% (P<.05). A burden analysis showed that ePROMs could potentially overcome traditional on-site limitations (eg, automatic recording of ePROM responses in the hospital information system). The mean score for overall patient satisfaction with the mHeart approach was 9 (SD 2; score range: 0-10). All 100% (29/29) of patients surveyed reported that they would recommend the mHeart platform to other HTxR. Conclusions ePROMs adhered to the quality standards and successfully identified medication nonadherence in the HTx population, supporting their widespread use. The theory-based intervention program showed a promising improvement in medication adherence rates and produced excellent patient satisfaction and usability scores in HTxR.

IntroductionRecreational drug consumption has been associated with both higher rates of risk activities related to HIV transmission and also worse adherence and management of HIV patients under HAART treatment. Moreover, relevant interactions may be present in patients under HAART treatment. Our aim is to present the European trends of drug consumption per country and age groups and assess the way drug consumption is addressed in general HIV guidelines.Materials and MethodsLast 12-month prevalence drug use was obtained from the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction for the four most consumed drugs (cannabis, cocaine, amphetamines, ecstasys). Consumption rates were collected and analyzed by country and age. Principal HIV guidelines were assessed to identify the degree of incorporation of drug use issues at three levels: transmission risk, adherence to the HAART and management of interactions. Guidelines: (a) WHO; (b) EACS; (c) BHIVA; (d) US DHHS; (e) IAS-USA; (f) GESIDA; (g) French CPG; (h) Italian CPG.ResultsData on drugs of abuse consumption was obtained from 29 European countries, with results showing relevant drug utilization in Europe. Cannabis was the most frequent drug across all countries, with 10 countries over 5% of prevalence over the last year. Other drugs prevalence accounted for about 0.5–1%, reaching up to: 2.1% for cocaine in Spain, 1.4% for ecstasy in the Netherlands and 1.1% for amphetamines in Estonia. 15–24 and 25–34 years old subgroups had the highest prevalence, although notable use of cannabis and cocaine was also found in the 35–44 and 45–54 subgroups. From the eight guidelines assessed, six considered recreational drugs at any point. Recommendations for specific drugs were given in 50% of the guidelines. From those guidelines addressing drug consumption: three assessed risk habits which related to transmission risk, six appraised issues on adherence to HAART and five comprised data on interactions between recreational drugs and HAART. Additionally, five guidelines mentioned drugs in the context of other issues, such as sexual dysfunction or HIV-associated neurocognitive impairment.ConclusionsUse of recreational drugs is frequent in Europe, not only in the younger population but also in other unexpected older subgroups. The scarce information found in the guidelines has a potential implication for patients and clinicians; therefore, there is a need to include specific recommendations about the clinical management of people living with HIV who use recreational drugs.