Saffron as one of the most precious spices and medicinal plants, is highly valued for its bioactive compounds. Quantity and quality in spices and medicinal plants can be improved by the plant nutrition. In this field study the sole and integrated application of various fertilizers types and arbuscular-mycorrhizal fungus (AM), Glomus mosseae with respect to the flower-related traits, corm properties, quality, bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity of saffron at Kerman region, Iran was examined over a three years period. The fertilizer treatments comprised control (non-amended soil); 20 Mg ha -1 compost; 10 Mg ha -1 compost+ 8 Mg ha -1 biochar and chemical fertilizers. In each fertilizer treatment, planting bed was inoculated or non-inoculated with AM. The results showed that during the first flowering period (2015-16), neither AM nor fertilizer types affected flowering. Inoculation with AM particularly in the application of fertilizer treatments through positive effects on different corm properties during the vegetative growing seasons of 2015-16 and 2017-18, improved flower-related traits in the next flowering periods of 2016-17 and 2017-18. Picrocrocin and safranal content as well as total phenolic content and total flavonoid content in tepals were considerably enhanced by organic amendments and chemical fertilizers compared with the control. While the total phenolic content in stigmata was reduced by AMinoculation, the total flavonoid content and antioxidant activity of stigmata and tepals were not significantly influenced. Principal Component Analysis clearly discriminated the integrated nutritional treatments from the sole ones based on flower-related traits and corm properties which were positively related with integrated treatments. Organic amendments were characterized by a higher total phenolic content and antioxidant activity in stigmata. Chemical fertilizers alone or in AM-inoculation associated with quality attributes and total flavonoid content in tepals. Research findings confirmed that the integrated application of mycorrhizal fungus, organic, and chemical fertilizers significantly influences the overall production of saffron.

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A three-year field study was conducted to examine the variation in agronomic performance, apo-carotenoids content, bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity of saffron corms originating from nine different regions of Iran. Significant differences were observed in flowerrelated traits, corm characteristics, picrocrocin and safranal contents, total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC) and radical-scavenging activity between saffron corms of different provenance. The largest differences were observed for the flower-related traits and corm properties. Hierarchical classification of the saffron corms of different provenance resulted in three main groups. One of the three groups (provenance: Ferdows, Sarayan, and Bajestan) had high underground and above ground yield potential and also produced significantly higher picrocrocin and TFC in comparison to the other groups. In contrary the group comprising corms from Zarand, Torbat, Natanz, and Estahban were characterized by the lowest agronomic performance, TFC as well as lowest antioxidant activity. The third group, consisting of corms from Gonabad and Qaen, 2 represented medium levels of agronomic-related traits, and the highest TPC and antioxidant ability. These results were further explored and confirmed by principal component analysis (PCA).PCA revealed positive relationships between corm properties on the one hand and flower number and stigma yield on the other hand. No relation between agronomic related traits and quality features was observed. Furthermore, the results indicated a positive relationship between total flavonoid content and antioxidant capacity of saffron. These results can be used for the improvement of the yield and quality as well as in programs for selection of the most suitable corms for particular production locations.

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